静态结构分析常需使用软件工具进行，包括控制流分析、数据流分析、接口分析、表达式分析

产生的图表有：系统结构图、函数调用关系图、文件调用关系图、模块控制流图、类关系图

规则（Metrics）：量化的行为规范
分类标准（Criteria）：由一系列质量规则组成
质量因素（Factor）：依据各分类标准取值组合权重来计算

Line复杂度、Halstead复杂度、McCabe复杂度

经验显示：McCabe圈复杂度与错误发生率密切相关
圈复杂度可以很好的预测
错误发生的可能性
代码可被理解的程度
维护的工作量
调试的容易程度

基本复杂度(Essential Complexity) ev(g)
依照结构化原则简化模块流程后，模块的复杂度，用于衡量程序非结构化程度
优点:
量化了软件结构化的程度
显示了代码的质量
预测维护时的工作量
有助于软件的模块化设计

规则Kiviat图

分类标准Kiviat图，得出function_testability,function_stability,function_changeability,function_analyzability,synthesis

1. 一次插入两条数据的INSERT 语句示例：

INSERT INTO employee (emp_id, emp_name)
select 1,'Jessica Loraine' from dual union all
select 2,'Kurt Roberts' from dual ;

2. 声明记录变量：

TYPE emp_pay_info IS RECORD

(emp_id INTEGER,

emp_name VARCHAR(32),

pay_rate NUMBER(9,2),

pay_type CHAR(1)

);

3. 如果使用的是记录，并且希望一些字段的定义与数据库表中列的定义相同，则可以用%TYPE属性（%TYPE可用于任何变量声明中，而不仅仅是记录中）

variable_name table_name.column_name%TYPE;

4. 可以使用%ROWTYPE属性声明一个基于表的记录

table_name%ROWTYPE

5. 伪列

CURRVAL，NEXTVAL，ROWID，ROWNUM

INSERT INTO employee

VALUES (emp_id_seq.NEXTVAL, 'Stanton Bernard');

ROWID伪列表示表中记录的二进制地址，可以用UROWID类型的变量以可读的格式存储rowid。

ROWNUM伪列指出从表中检索数据的次序。

6. 事务控制语句确保使用数据操纵语句时的数据完整性。即当使用SELECT/UPDATE/INSERT和DELETE语句时，程序员将插入合适的事务控制语句，以确保数据是准确的，并防止数据遭到破坏。

1. 包是一个封装的相关schema对象的集合。这些对象包括过程、函数、变量、常量、游标和异常。

2. 包具有下述优点：

使您能够更有效地将应用程序组织成模块。每个包都易于理解，包之间的接口简单、明了、定义完善

允许您高效的授予权限

在会话期间，包的公用变量和游标持续可用，因此所有的游标以及在这种环境中执行的过程可以共享它们。

使您能够重载过程和函数

通过一次将多个对象加载到内存中改善了性能，因此以后对包中相关子程序的调用不需要进行输入/输出操作。

通过使用包含存储过程和函数的库，提高了代码的重用性，消除了重复性编码工作。

3. 创建包的第一步是创建其规范，规范将在包体中定义的模式对象声明为公用的。

创建包体：

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PACKAGE BODY package_name {IS|AS}

[package body object declaration]

BEGIN

programming statements

END [package_name];

4. 可以使用包含compile关键字的ALTER PACKAGE命令重新编译包。这种显式的重新编译消除了运行阶段的隐式重新编译，并防止了任何相关的运行阶段编译错误以及性能开销。通常在修改包后，显式地重新编译它。

ALTER PACKAGE employee_maint compile body

ALTER PACKAGE employee_maint compile package

第一句只重新编译包体，第二条重新编译整个包，包括包体和规范

5. 任何在包规范中声明的项目在包外都是可见的。这使得包外的PL/SQL代码能够引用包内的对象。在包规范中声明的对象被称为公有的；在包体中声明的对象只能在包中使用，因此包外PL/SQL块不能引用任何在包内私自声明的变量。

6. 对于独立的过程，变量、游标和常量只在过程调用期间是持续的，当过程终止后，它们便消失了；如果变量、常量或游标是在包规范或者包体中声明的，则在用户的会话期间，它们的值是持续的；当当前用户的会话终止或重新编译包时，它们的值便消失。

7. 包要么是有效的，要么是无效的。如果最后一次编译包后，其源代码和它引用对象没有被删除、替换或修改，则这个包被认为是有效的。如果最后一次编译包后，其源代码或它引用的对象被删除、替换或修改，则这个包被认为是无效的。

等价类划分准则:

• 如果输入条件规定了取值范围,可定义一个有效等价类和两个无效等价类
• 如果输入条件代表集合的某个元素，则可定义一个有效等价类和一个无效等价类
• 如规定了输入数据的一组值，且程序对不同输入值做不同处理,则每个允许的输入值是一个有效等价类，并有一个无效等价类 (所有不允许的输入值的集合)。
• 如果规定了输入数据必须遵循的规则,可确定一个有效等价类(符合规则)和若干个无效等价类(从不同角度违反规则)
• 如已划分的等价类各元素在程序中的处理方式不同，则应将此等价类进一步划分成更小的等价类
  

我在笔记本上安装Rational Rose 2003时，系统提示：操作系统不支持安装。我笔记本用的是Windows XP home版操作系统。我去Rational官方网站上查找发现Rational Rose 2003 不支持XP home版操作系统。经过一番研究，给出了如下解决方案：
安装时让Rational Rose 2003不对操作系统版本进行检测。
步骤如下：
1、去 http://www.newhua.com/cfan/200510/orca.rar 下载Microsoft Orca，Orca数据库编辑器是 Windows Installer SDK 中提供的表编辑工具，可以用于编辑 .msi 文件。（也可以去 http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=A55B6B43-E24F-4EA3-A93E-40C0EC4F68E5&displaylang=en 下载）
2、双击\bin 文件夹中的 Orca.msi 文件，安装 Orca 编辑器。
3、用Orca打开Setup/rose.msi，查找"xph"，会定位到该行：
(VersionNT AND (NOT RSWINXPHOME))OR (DISABLE_PLATFORM_BLOCKS = 1)|You are attempting to install on an...
4、用Table/drop row删除该行,保存该文件，退出
5、安装Rational Rose 2003，成功!

(参考：http://support.microsoft.com/kb/255905/zh-cn)

1. 当子程序使用参数列表中引用的变量或表达式调用函数时,这些参数被称为实参,在这种情况下,参数实际上将参数值保存在内存中;如果变量或表达式是在子程序规范中声明,并在子程序主体中引用时,则参数称为形参,在这种情况下,内存中保存的是指向真正的参数值的指针.

2. 定义函数中的参数类型时,如果要接受一个来自表中的参数,并且不想对参数类型使用硬编码,因为以后可能会改变——只需在参数后面添加%TYPE，以便从表中获得字段类型即可。例如下面一行代码将参数p_emptype的数据类型设置为表employee中pay_type字段的类型

(p_emptype employee.pay_type%TYPE)

3. 当参数中包含大型值、表达式或记录时，将对性能造成极大的影响。将这些数据拷贝到参数中需要花费时间。程序员提高程序性能的一种方法是在模式语句中使用NOCOPY提示。

使用NOCOPY提示时，您指导（而不是命令）编译器按引用（而不是按值）传递参数

4. 存储函数是一个保存在数据库中的函数，可以被PL/SQL代码调用。函数和存储函数的唯一区别是，在关键字FUNCTION加上CREATE [OR REPLACE]关键字。

5. 使用EDIT FUNCTION_NAME;修改函数代码后，必须将它重新装载到缓冲区中（GET FUNCTION_NAME），然后输入/并按回车执行

6. 缺省情况下,函数执行时,其权限与函数的定义者相同,而不是调用者.定义者的权限受它所在的schema约束,您可以在PL/SQL完全限定对象名称,以便能够修改其他schema中的表.但是,这会限制您代码的移植性.

Oracle允许您使用调用者权限调用函数.在这种情况下,您不受schema的约束,而是受调用者权限的约束。您可以通过AUTHID子句使用调用者权限，如：

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION mypi

  AUTHID CURRENT_USER AS

BEGIN

  NULL;

  RETURN 3.14;

END;

7. ORACLE SCHEMA OBJECT的定义

A schema is a collection of database objects. A schema is owned by a database user and has the same name as that user. Schema objects are logical structures created by users to contain, or reference, their data. Schema objects include structures like tables, views, and indexes. You can create and manipulate schema objects using Oracle Enterprise Manager.

1.在比较两个CHAR数据类型时，Oracle使用空白填补比较语义（blank-padded comparison semantics）。这意味着Oracle在较短的字符串的尾部概念性地填补足够的空格，使之与较长的字符串等长，然后进行比较，比较两个字符串常量时，Oracle也这么做，然而当其中一个值为变长字符串时，Oracle使用不填补比较语义(non-padded comparison semantics)，因此字符串尾部的空格影响比较结果。

2.三值逻辑真值表

操作符         表达式           结果

AND           TRUE AND TRUE     TRUE

              TRUE AND FALSE    FALSE

              TRUE AND NULL     NULL

              FALSE AND NULL    FALSE

              NULL AND NULL     NULL

OR            TRUE OR TRUE      TRUE

              TRUE OR FALSE     TRUE

              TRUE OR NULL      TRUE

              FALSE OR NULL     FALSE

              NULL OR NULL      NULL 

NOT           NOT TRUE          FALSE

              NOT FALSE         TRUE 

              NOT NULL          NULL

3. 检查空值时一定要使用IS NULL 操作符，而不要使用相等或不等操作符比较变量和空值

4. 当参数为空值时，内置函数NVL让您指定使用另一个值。语法类似于：

   NVL(expression, value_if_expression_is_null)

1. 比较CHAR字符串和VARCHAR2字符串时，应该像下面这样使用rtrim函数清除CHAR字符串后面的空格

IF RTRIM(employee_name_c)=employee_name_v THEN_

2. 可以使用trunc()函数裁剪日期DATE变量，使之不包含时间部分

1. PL/SQL是Oracle对SQL扩展的过程性语言，与SQL不同，PL/SQL是过程性的，而不是声明性的，这意味着代码规定了如何完成工作。

2.使用dbms_output.put_line()来打印数据时，需要先用SET SERVEROUTPUT ON把服务器输出选项打开

3.执行SQL*PLUS命令执行文件test.sql：

SQL> @c:\a\test

4.可以使用SHOW ERRORS命令查看错误的详细信息

5.调用不带参数的函数必须确保不添加圆括号

6.显示函数返回值可以使用：SELECT FUNC_NAME FROM DUAL;(DUAL时一个总是存在的特殊的Oracle表，它总是只有一行一列。从DUAL表中选择函数即可显示函数的结果)

7.在过程生成器中执行PL/SQL时，需要把dbms_output.put_line替换为text_io.put_line(由于dbms_ouput是一个只存在于数据库服务器中的包)，另外，和SQL*PLUS不同，不需要输入斜杠来告诉过程生成器已经输入完了PL/SQL块。

1.忘记密码时，可以用
sqlplus /nolog
conn / as sysdba
startup (如果数据库不是处于启动状态则启动)
alter user sys identified by abcdef
然后就可以使用sys用户密码登陆了

之后可以修改其他用户的密码。

（或者用orapwd.exe命令，可以修改命令。
orapwd file='/oracle/pwdsid.ora'  password=123456
这个命令是修改sys用户的密码。你把生成的文件覆盖原来的密码文件。除sys和system其他用户的密码不会改变。没试验过）

2.SQLPLUS下查看有哪些用户：
select * from all_users;

删除用户：
DROP USER username CASCADE; //CASCADE为可选项
创建用户：

CREATE USER sidney
IDENTIFIED BY welcome
DEFAULT TABLESPACE cases_ts
QUOTA 10M ON cases_ts
QUOTA 5M ON temp_ts
QUOTA 5M ON system
PROFILE engineer
PASSWORD EXPIRE;
还有其它的关键字，可以查oracle的联机文档。

3.如果出现user lacks create session privilege错误，可以用grant create to username;授予权限

4.如果出现类似ORA-01950:表空间'SYSTEM'中无权限，可以用grant connect, rescource to username;授予权限

http://www.geekinterview.com/articles/qtp-interview-questions.html

These are just a few sample questions I would ask a candidate on QTP Test Automation:

1. What is the file extension of the code file & object repository file in QTP?

2. Explain the concept of object repository & how QTP recognises objects?

Object Repository: displays a tree of all objects in the current component or in the current action or entire test( depending on the object repository mode you selected). 
we can view or modify the test object descrīption of any test object in the repository or to add new objects to the repository. 
Quicktest learns the default property values and determines in which test object class it fits.If it is not enough it adds assistive properties, one by one to the descrīption until it has compiled the unique descrīption.If no assistive properties are available, then it adds a special Ordianl identifier such as objects location onthe page or in the source code.

When you create test,all the information about the objects in your test is stored in object repository. There are two types of object Repositories  
1. Shared object repository 
2. Per action repository

3. What are the properties you would use for identifying a browser & page when using descrīptive programming ?

4. What are the different scrīpting languages you could use when working with QTP ?

5. Give me an example where you have used a COM interface in your QTP project?

6. Few basic questions on commonly used Excel VBA functions.

7. Explain the keyword createobject with an example.

8. Explain in brief about the QTP Automation Object Model.

Essentially all configuration and run functionality provided via the QuickTest interface is in some way represented in the QuickTest automation object model via objects, methods, and properties. Although a one-on-one comparison cannot always be made, most dialog boxes in QuickTest have a corresponding automation object, most options in dialog boxes can be set and/or retrieved using the corresponding object property, and most menu commands and other operations have corresponding automation methods.  
You can use the objects, methods, and properties exposed by the QuickTest automation object model, along with standard programming elements such as loops and conditional statements to design your program 

1. How Does Run time data (Parameterization) is handled in QTP?

A) You can then enter test data into the Data Table, an integrated

spreadsheet with the full functionality of Excel, to manipulate data

sets and create multiple test iterations, without programming, to

expand test case coverage. Data can be typed in or imported from

databases, spreadsheets, or text files.

2) What is keyword view and Expert view in QTP?

A) QuickTest’s Keyword Driven approach, test automation experts

have full access to the underlying test and object properties, via an

integrated scrīpting and debugging environment that is round-trip

synchronized with the Keyword View.

Advanced testers can view and edit their tests in the Expert View,

which reveals the underlying industry-standard VBscrīpt that

QuickTest Professional automatically generates. Any changes

made in the Expert View are automatically synchronized with the

Keyword View.

3) Explain about the Test Fusion Report of QTP ?

A) Once a tester has run a test, a TestFusion report displays all

aspects of the test run: a high-level results overview, an expandable

Tree View of the test specifying exactly where application failures

occurred, the test data used, application screen shots for every step

that highlight any discrepancies, and detailed explanations of each

checkpoint pass and failure. By combining TestFusion reports with

QuickTest Professional, you can share reports across an entire QA

and development team.

4) To which environments does QTP supports ?

A) QuickTest Professional supports functional testing of all enterprise

environments, including Windows, Web, ..NET, Java/J2EE, SAP,

Siebel, Oracle, PeopleSoft, Visual Basic, ActiveX, mainframe

terminal emulators, and Web services.

5) What is QTP ?

A) QuickTest is a graphical interface record-playback automation tool.   It is able to work with any web, java or windows client application. Quick Test enables you to test standard web objects and ActiveX controls. In addition to these environments, QuickTest Professional also enables you to test Java applets and applications and multimedia objects on Applications as well as standard Windows applications, Visual Basic 6 applications and .NET framework applications...

6) Explain QTP Testing process ?

A) The QuickTest testing process consists of 6 main phases:

Create your test plan
Prior to automating there should be a detailed descrīption of the test including the exact steps to follow, data to be input, and all items to be verified by the test.  The verification information should include both data validations and existence or state verifications of objects in the application.

Recording a session on your application
As you navigate through your application, QuickTest graphically displays each step you perform in the form of a collapsible icon-based test tree. A step is any user action that causes or makes a change in your site, such as clicking a link or image, or entering data in a form.

Enhancing your test
Inserting checkpoints into your test lets you search for a specific value of a page, object or text string, which helps you identify whether or not your application is functioning correctly.
NOTE:  Checkpoints can be added to a test as you record it or after the fact via the Active Screen.  It is much easier and faster to add the checkpoints during the recording process.

Broadening the scope of your test by replacing fixed values with parameters lets you check how your application performs the same operations with multiple sets of data.
Adding logic and conditional statements to your test enables you to add sophisticated checks to your test.
Debugging your test
If changes were made to the scrīpt, you need to debug it to check that it operates smoothly and without interruption.

Running your test on a new version of your application
You run a test to check the behavīor of your application. While running, QuickTest connects to your application and performs each step in your test.

Analyzing the test results
You examine the test results to pinpoint defects in your application.

Reporting defects
As you encounter failures in the application when analyzing test results, you will create defect reports in Defect Reporting Tool.

 
7) Explain the QTP Tool interface.

A) It contains the following key elements:
Title bar, displaying the name of the currently open test
Menu bar, displaying menus of QuickTest commands
File toolbar, containing buttons to assist you in managing tests
Test toolbar, containing buttons used while creating and maintaining tests
Debug toolbar, containing buttons used while debugging tests.

Note: The Debug toolbar is not displayed when you open QuickTest for the first time. You can display the Debug toolbar by choosing View > Toolbars > Debug. Note that this tutorial does not describe how to debug a test. For additional information, refer to the QuickTest Professional User's Guide.

Action toolbar, containing buttons and a list of actions, enabling you to view the details of an individual action or the entire test flow.

Note: The Action toolbar is not displayed when you open QuickTest for the first time. You can display the Action toolbar by choosing View > Toolbars > Action. If you insert a reusable or external action in a test, the Action toolbar is displayed automatically. For additional information, refer to the QuickTest Professional User's Guide.

Test pane, containing two tabs to view your test-the Tree View and the Expert View
Test Details pane, containing the Active Screen
Data Table, containing two tabs, Global and Action, to assist you in parameterizing your test
Debug Viewer pane, containing three tabs to assist you in debugging your test-Watch Expressions, Variables, and Command. (The Debug Viewer pane can be opened only when a test run pauses at a breakpoint.)
Status bar, displaying the status of the test 
 

8) How QTP recognizes Objects in AUT?
 A) QuickTest stores the definitions for application objects in a file called the Object Repository.  As you record your test, QuickTest will add an entry for each item you interact with.  Each Object Repository entry will be identified by a logical name (determined automatically by QuickTest), and will contain a set of properties (type, name, etc) that uniquely identify each object. 

Each line in the QuickTest scrīpt will contain a reference to the object that you interacted with, a call to the appropriate method (set, click, check) and any parameters for that method (such as the value for a call to the set method).  The references to objects in the scrīpt will all be identified by the logical name, rather than any physical, descrīptive properties.

9) What are the types of Object Repositorys in QTP?

A) QuickTest has two types of object repositories for storing object information: shared object repositories and action object repositories. You can choose which type of object repository you want to use as the default type for new tests, and you can change the default as necessary for each new test.

The object repository per-action mode is the default setting. In this mode, QuickTest automatically creates an object repository file for each action in your test so that you can create and run tests without creating, choosing, or modifying object repository files. However, if you do modify values in an action object repository, your changes do not have any effect on other actions. Therefore, if the same test object exists in more than one action and you modify an object's property values in one action, you may need to make the same change in every action (and any test) containing the object.

10) Explain the check points in QTP?

A) . A checkpoint verifies that expected information is displayed in a Application while the test is running. You can add eight types of checkpoints to your test for standard web objects using QTP.

A page checkpoint checks the characteristics of a Application
A text checkpoint checks that a text string is displayed in the appropriate place on a Application.
An object checkpoint (Standard) checks the values of an object on a Application.
An image checkpoint checks the values of an image on a Application.
A table checkpoint checks information within a table on a Application
An Accessiblity checkpoint checks the web page for Section 508 compliance.
An XML checkpoint checks the contents of individual XML data files or XML documents that are part of your Web application.
A database checkpoint checks the contents of databases accessed by your web site
 

11)In how many ways we can add check points to an application using QTP.
A) We can add checkpoints while recording the application or we can add after recording is completed using Active screen (Note : To perform the second one The Active screen must be enabled while recording).

12)How does QTP identifes the object in the application
A) QTP identifies the object in the application by LogicalName and Class.

For example :
The Edit box is identified by
Logical Name : PSOPTIONS_BSE_TIME20
Class: WebEdit

13)If an application name is changes frequently i.e while recording it has name “Window1” and then while running its “Windows2” in this case how does QTP handles?
A)QTP handles those situations using “Regular Expressions”.

14)What is Parameterizing Tests?
A)When you test your application, you may want to check how it performs the same operations with multiple sets of data. For example, suppose you want to check how your application responds to ten separate sets of data. You could record ten separate tests, each with its own set of data. Alternatively, you can create a parameterized test that runs ten times: each time the test runs, it uses a different set of data.

15)What is test object model in QTP ?
 A) The test object model is a large set of object types or classes that QuickTest
uses to represent the objects in your application. Each test object class has a
list of properties that can uniquely identify objects of that class and a set of
relevant methods that QuickTest can record for it.
A test object is an object that QuickTest creates in the test or component to
represent the actual object in your application. QuickTest stores information
about the object that will help it identify and check the object during the
run session.
A run-time object is the actual object in your Web site or application on
which methods are performed during the run session.
When you perform an operation on your application while recording,

QuickTest:
? identifies the QuickTest test object class that represents the object on which
you performed the operation and creates the appropriate test object
? reads the current value of the object’s properties in your application and
stores the list of properties and values with the test object
? chooses a unique name for the object, generally using the value of one of its
prominent properties
? records the operation that you performed on the object using the
appropriate QuickTest test object method

For example, suppose you click on a Find button with the following HTML

source code:
<INPUT TYPE="submit" NAME="Find" VALUE="Find">
QuickTest identifies the object that you clicked as a WebButton test object.
It creates a WebButton object with the name Find, and records the following
properties and values for the Find WebButton:
It also records that you performed a Click method on the WebButton.
QuickTest displays your step in the Keyword View like this:
QuickTest displays your step in the Expert View like this:
Browser("Mercury Interactive").Page("Mercury Interactive").
WebButton("Find").Click
 

16)    What is Object Spy in QTP?

A) Using the Object Spy, you can view the properties of any object in an open
application. You use the Object Spy pointer to point to an object. The Object
Spy displays the selected object’s hierarchy tree and its properties and values
in the Properties tab of the Object Spy dialog box.

 
17. Supported Check-Points in QTP?
17)    What is the Diff between Image check-point and Bit map Check point?
A) Image checkpoints enable you to check the properties of a Web image.
You can check an area of a Web page or application as a bitmap. While
creating a test or component, you specify the area you want to check by
selecting an object. You can check an entire object or any area within an
object. QuickTest captures the specified object as a bitmap, and inserts a
checkpoint in the test or component. You can also choose to save only the
selected area of the object with your test or component in order to save disk Space
For example, suppose you have a Web site that can display a map of a city
the user specifies. The map has control keys for zooming. You can record the
new map that is displayed after one click on the control key that zooms in
the map. Using the bitmap checkpoint, you can check that the map zooms
in correctly.

You can create bitmap checkpoints for all supported testing environments
(as long as the appropriate add-ins are loaded).
Note: The results of bitmap checkpoints may be affected by factors such as
operating system, screen resolution, and color settings.
 
18)    How many ways we can parameterize data in QTP ?
A) There are four types of parameters:
Test, action or component parameters enable you to use values passed
from your test or component, or values from other actions in your test.

Data Table parameters enable you to create a data-driven test (or action)
that runs several times using the data you supply. In each repetition, or
iteration, QuickTest uses a different value from the Data Table.

Environment variable parameters enable you to use variable values from
other sources during the run session. These may be values you supply, or
values that QuickTest generates for you based on conditions and options
you choose.
 
Random number parameters enable you to insert random numbers as
values in your test or component. For example, to check how your
<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMIL

Quality Assurance (QA) Consists of planning, coordinating and other
strategic activities associated with measuring product quality against
external requirements and specifications (process-related activities).

Quality Control (QC) Consists of monitoring, controlling and other
tactical activities associated with the measurement of product quality goals.