换种思路写Mock,让单元测试更简单

发表于:2021-5-17 09:32

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 作者:行无际    来源:博客园

  开篇引入
  单元测试中的Mock方法,通常是为了绕开那些依赖外部资源或无关功能的方法调用,使得测试重点能够集中在需要验证和保障的代码逻辑上。在定义Mock方法时,开发者真正关心的只有一件事:"这个调用,在测试的时候要换成那个假的Mock方法"。
  然而当下主流的Mock框架在实现Mock功能时,需要开发者操心的事情实在太多:Mock框架如何初始化、与所用的单元测试框架是否兼容、要被Mock的方法是不是私有的、是不是静态的、被Mock对象是new出来的还是注入的、怎样把被测对象送回被测类里...这些非关键的额外工作极大分散了使用Mock工具应有的乐趣。
  换种思路写Mock,让单元测试更简单。无需初始化,不挑测试框架,甭管要换的方法是被测类的私有方法、静态方法还是其他任何类的成员方法,也甭管要换的对象是怎么创建的。写好Mock方法,加个@TestableMock注解,一切统统搞定。
  这是 README 上的描述。扫了一眼项目描述与目录结构后,就抵制不住诱惑,快速上手玩了一下。于是,就有了这篇划水博客,让看到的朋友也心痒一下(●′ω`●)。当然,最重要的是如果确实好用的话,可以在实际项目中用起来,这样就不再反感需要Mock的单元测试了。
  快速上手
  这里有一个 WeatherApi 的接口,通过调用第三方接口查询天气情况,如下:
  import com.github.itwild.less.base.http.feign.WeatherExample;
  import feign.Param;
  import feign.RequestLine;
  public interface WeatherApi {
      @RequestLine("GET /api/weather/city/{city_code}")
      WeatherExample.Response query(@Param("city_code") String cityCode);
  }
  CityWeather 查询具体城市的天气,如下:
  import cn.hutool.core.map.MapUtil;
  import com.github.itwild.less.base.http.feign.WeatherExample;
  import feign.Feign;
  import feign.jackson.JacksonDecoder;
  import feign.jackson.JacksonEncoder;
  import java.util.HashMap;
  import java.util.Map;
  public class CityWeather {
      private static final String API_URL = "http://t.weather.itboy.net";
      private static final String BEI_JING = "101010100";
      private static final String SHANG_HAI = "101020100";
      private static final String HE_FEI = "101220101";
      public static final Map<String, String> CITY_CODE = MapUtil.builder(new HashMap<String, String>())
              .put(BEI_JING, "北京市")
              .put(SHANG_HAI, "上海市")
              .put(HE_FEI, "合肥市")
              .build();
      private static WeatherApi weatherApi = Feign.builder()
              .encoder(new JacksonEncoder())
              .decoder(new JacksonDecoder())
              .target(WeatherApi.class, API_URL);
      public String queryShangHaiWeather() {
          WeatherExample.Response response = weatherApi.query(SHANG_HAI);
          return response.getCityInfo().getCity() + ": " + response.getData().getYesterday().getNotice();
      }
      private String queryHeFeiWeather() {
          WeatherExample.Response response = weatherApi.query(HE_FEI);
          return response.getCityInfo().getCity() + ": " + response.getData().getYesterday().getNotice();
      }
      public static String queryBeiJingWeather() {
          WeatherExample.Response response = weatherApi.query(BEI_JING);
          return response.getCityInfo().getCity() + ": " + response.getData().getYesterday().getNotice();
      }
      public static void main(String[] args) {
          CityWeather cityWeather = new CityWeather();
          String shanghai = cityWeather.queryShangHaiWeather();
          String hefei = cityWeather.queryHeFeiWeather();
          String beijing = CityWeather.queryBeiJingWeather();
          System.out.println(shanghai);
          System.out.println(hefei);
          System.out.println(beijing);
      }
  运行 main 方法,输出如下:
  上海市: 不要被阴云遮挡住好心情
  合肥市: 不要被阴云遮挡住好心情
  北京市: 阴晴之间,谨防紫外线侵扰
  相信大多数人编写单元测试时,遇到这种依赖第三方资源时,可能就有点反感写单元测试了。
  下面看看有了 testable-mock 工具,如何编写单元测试?
  CityWeatherTest 文件如下:
  import com.alibaba.testable.core.accessor.PrivateAccessor;
  import com.alibaba.testable.core.annotation.TestableMock;
  import com.alibaba.testable.processor.annotation.EnablePrivateAccess;
  import com.github.itwild.less.base.http.feign.WeatherExample;
  import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
  import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
  @EnablePrivateAccess
  public class CityWeatherTest {
      @TestableMock(targetMethod = "query")
      public WeatherExample.Response query(WeatherApi self, String cityCode) {
          WeatherExample.Response response = new WeatherExample.Response();
          // mock天气接口调用返回的结果
          response.setCityInfo(new WeatherExample.CityInfo().setCity(
                  CityWeather.CITY_CODE.getOrDefault(cityCode, cityCode)));
          response.setData(new WeatherExample.Data().setYesterday(
                  new WeatherExample.Forecast().setNotice("this is from mock")));
          return response;
      }
      CityWeather cityWeather = new CityWeather();
      /**
       * 测试 public方法调用
       */
      @Test
      public void test_public() {
          String shanghai = cityWeather.queryShangHaiWeather();
          System.out.println(shanghai);
          assertEquals("上海市: this is from mock", shanghai);
      }
      /**
       * 测试 private方法调用
       */
      @Test
      public void test_private() {
          String hefei = (String) PrivateAccessor.invoke(cityWeather, "queryHeFeiWeather");
          System.out.println(hefei);
          assertEquals("合肥市: this is from mock", hefei);
      }
      /**
       * 测试 静态方法调用
       */
      @Test
      public void test_static() {
          String beijing = CityWeather.queryBeiJingWeather();
          System.out.println(beijing);
          assertEquals("北京市: this is from mock", beijing);
      }
  }
  运行单元测试,输出如下:
  合肥市: this is from mock
  上海市: this is from mock
  北京市: this is from mock
  从运行结果不难发现,依赖第三方接口的 query 方法已经被仅仅加了个 TestableMock 注解的方法Mock了。也就是说达到了预期的Mock效果,而且代码优雅易读。
  实现原理
  那么,这优雅易读的背后到底隐藏着什么秘密呢?
  相信对这方面有些了解的朋友或多或少也猜到了,没错,正是字节码增强技术!!!
  package com.alibaba.testable.agent;
  import com.alibaba.testable.agent.transformer.TestableClassTransformer;
  import java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation;
  /**
   * Agent entry, dynamically modify the byte code of classes under testing
   * @author flin
   */
  public class PreMain {
      
      public static void premain(String agentArgs, Instrumentation inst) {
          parseArgs(agentArgs);
          inst.addTransformer(new TestableClassTransformer());
      }
  }
  package com.alibaba.testable.agent.handler;
  import org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader;
  import org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter;
  import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes;
  import org.objectweb.asm.tree.ClassNode;
  import java.io.IOException;
  /**
   * @author flin
   */
  abstract public class BaseClassHandler implements Opcodes {
      public byte[] getBytes(byte[] classFileBuffer) throws IOException {
          ClassReader cr = new ClassReader(classFileBuffer);
          ClassNode cn = new ClassNode();
          cr.accept(cn, 0);
          transform(cn);
          ClassWriter cw = new ClassWriter( 0);
          cn.accept(cw);
          return cw.toByteArray();
      }
      /**
       * Transform class byte code
       * @param cn original class node
       */
      abstract protected void transform(ClassNode cn);
  }
  追一下源码,可见,该Mock工具借助了ASM Core API来修改字节码。上面也提到了,该项目在github上开源出来的时间并不长,核心代码并不多,认真看应该能看懂,主要是有些朋友可能从来没有了解过字节码增强技术。这里推荐美团技术团队的一篇字节码增强技术相关的文章,https://tech.meituan.com/2019/09/05/java-bytecode-enhancement.html,相信有了这样的基础,回过头来再看看 TestableMock 的源码会轻松许多。
  本篇博客并不会过多探究字节码增强技术的细节,顶多算是抛砖引玉,目的是让读者知道有这么一个优雅的Mock工具,另外字节码增强技术相当于是一把打开运行时JVM的钥匙,利用它可以动态地对运行中的程序做修改,也可以跟踪JVM运行中程序的状态,这样就能在开发中减少冗余代码,提高开发效率。顺便提一句,我们平时使用的AOP(Cglib就是基于ASM的)也与字节码增强密切相关,它们实质上还是利用各种手段生成符合规范的字节码文件。
  虽然这篇不讲修改字节码的操作细节,但我还是想让读者直观地看到增强后的字节码(class文件)是什么样子的,说白了就是到底把我写的代码在运行时修改成了啥???于是,我把运行时增强过的字节码重新写入了文件,然后使用反编译工具(拖到IDEA中即可)观察被修改后的源码。
  运行时(即增强后的)CityWeatherTest.class反编译后如下:
  import com.alibaba.testable.core.accessor.PrivateAccessor;
  import com.alibaba.testable.core.annotation.TestableMock;
  import com.alibaba.testable.core.util.InvokeRecordUtil;
  import com.alibaba.testable.processor.annotation.EnablePrivateAccess;
  import com.github.itwild.less.base.http.feign.WeatherExample.CityInfo;
  import com.github.itwild.less.base.http.feign.WeatherExample.Data;
  import com.github.itwild.less.base.http.feign.WeatherExample.Forecast;
  import com.github.itwild.less.base.http.feign.WeatherExample.Response;
  import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
  import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
  @EnablePrivateAccess
  public class CityWeatherTest {
      CityWeather cityWeather = new CityWeather();
      public static CityWeatherTest _testableInternalRef;
      public static CityWeatherTest _testableInternalRef;
      public CityWeatherTest() {
      }
      @TestableMock(
          targetMethod = "query"
      )
      public Response query(WeatherApi var1, String cityCode) {
          InvokeRecordUtil.recordMockInvoke(new Object[]{var1, cityCode}, false);
          InvokeRecordUtil.recordMockInvoke(new Object[]{var1, cityCode}, false);
          Response response = new Response();
          response.setCityInfo((new CityInfo()).setCity((String)CityWeather.CITY_CODE.getOrDefault(cityCode, cityCode)));
          response.setData((new Data()).setYesterday((new Forecast()).setNotice("this is from mock")));
          return response;
      }
      @Test
      public void test_public() {
          _testableInternalRef = this;
          _testableInternalRef = this;
          String shanghai = this.cityWeather.queryShangHaiWeather();
          System.out.println(shanghai);
          Assertions.assertEquals("上海市: this is from mock", shanghai);
      }
      @Test
      public void test_private() {
          _testableInternalRef = this;
          _testableInternalRef = this;
          String hefei = (String)PrivateAccessor.invoke(this.cityWeather, "queryHeFeiWeather", new Object[0]);
          System.out.println(hefei);
          Assertions.assertEquals("合肥市: this is from mock", hefei);
      }
      @Test
      public void test_static() {
          _testableInternalRef = this;
          _testableInternalRef = this;
          String beijing = CityWeather.queryBeiJingWeather();
          System.out.println(beijing);
          Assertions.assertEquals("北京市: this is from mock", beijing);
      }
  }
  运行时(即增强后的)CityWeather.class反编译后如下:
  import cn.hutool.core.map.MapUtil;
  import com.github.itwild.less.base.http.feign.WeatherExample.Response;
  import feign.Feign;
  import feign.jackson.JacksonDecoder;
  import feign.jackson.JacksonEncoder;
  import java.util.HashMap;
  import java.util.Map;
  public class CityWeather {
      private static final String API_URL = "http://t.weather.itboy.net";
      private static final String BEI_JING = "101010100";
      private static final String SHANG_HAI = "101020100";
      private static final String HE_FEI = "101220101";
      public static final Map<String, String> CITY_CODE = MapUtil.builder(new HashMap()).put("101010100", "北京市").put("101020100", "上海市").put("101220101", "合肥市").build();
      private static WeatherApi weatherApi = (WeatherApi)Feign.builder().encoder(new JacksonEncoder()).decoder(new JacksonDecoder()).target(WeatherApi.class, "http://t.weather.itboy.net");
      public CityWeather() {
      }
      public String queryShangHaiWeather() {
          Response response = CityWeatherTest._testableInternalRef.query(weatherApi, "101020100");
          return response.getCityInfo().getCity() + ": " + response.getData().getYesterday().getNotice();
      }
      private String queryHeFeiWeather() {
          Response response = CityWeatherTest._testableInternalRef.query(weatherApi, "101220101");
          return response.getCityInfo().getCity() + ": " + response.getData().getYesterday().getNotice();
      }
      public static String queryBeiJingWeather() {
          Response response = CityWeatherTest._testableInternalRef.query(weatherApi, "101010100");
          return response.getCityInfo().getCity() + ": " + response.getData().getYesterday().getNotice();
      }
      public static void main(String[] args) {
          CityWeather cityWeather = new CityWeather();
          String shanghai = cityWeather.queryShangHaiWeather();
          String hefei = cityWeather.queryHeFeiWeather();
          String beijing = queryBeiJingWeather();
          System.out.println(shanghai);
          System.out.println(hefei);
          System.out.println(beijing);
      }
  }
  原来,运行时把调用到 query 方法的实现都换成了自己Mock的代码。

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