转载（自己翻译）

What is a Framework ?

Instead of providing a bookish definition of a framework, lets consider an example.

•    Participants should occupy their seat 5 minutes before start of lecture
•    Bring along a notebook and pen for note taking.
•    Read the abstract so you have an idea of what the presentation will be about.
•   Mobile Phones should be set on silent
•   Use the exit gates at opposite end to the speaker should you require to leave in middle of the lecture.
•   Questions will be taken at the end of the session

Do you think you can conduct a seminar WITHOUT observing these guidelines????

The answer is a big YES! Certainly you can conduct a seminar / lecture / conference / demonstration without above guidelines (in fact some of us will not follow them even though there are laid  ... )

But if the guidelines are followed it will result in beneficial outcome like reduced audience distraction during lecture and increased participant retention and understanding of the subject matter.

Based on above, a Framework can be defined as a set of guidelines which when followed produce beneficial results.

Now what is a TEST Automation Framework ?

什么是测试框架

A set of guidelines like coding standards , test-data handling , object repository treatment  etc... which when followed during automation scripting produce beneficial outcomes like increase code re-usage ,  higher portability  , reduced script. maintenance cost  etc. Mind you these are just guidelines and not rules; they are not mandatory and you can still script. without following the guidelines. But you will miss out on the advantages of having a Framework.

测试框架是一系列的准则，就像编码规则，测试数据处理方法，对象库管理方法 等等，如果我们遵循这些准则，将会带来很多好处，就像 增加代码的复用率，可移植性，减少代码的维护成本等等。这些准则都是一些参考并不是一定要遵守的规则，你也可以不遵守这些规则去写代码，框架带来的好处你就体会不到了。

What are the various Automation Frameworks available?

1) Linear Scripting

线性脚本
2)The Test Library Architecture Framework.

测试库体系结构框架
3)The Data-Driven Testing Framework.

数据驱动
4)The Keyword-Driven or Table-Driven Testing Framework.

关键字驱动
5)The Hybrid Test Automation Framework.

混合驱动

Lets  look at them in detail -

1) Linear Scripting - Record & Playback

It is the simplest of all Frameworks and also know as "Record & Playback".In this Framework , Tester manually records each step ( Navigation and User Inputs), Inserts Checkpoints ( Validation Steps) in the first round . He then , Plays back the recorded script. in the subsequent rounds.

这是最简单录制回放的框架，测试人员手动 录制每个步骤，在第一轮的是就插入检查点，然后在第二轮的时候回放录制的脚本。

Ex :  Consider logging into Flight Reservation Application and checking wether the application has loaded on successful log-on. Here , the tester will simply record the steps and add validation steps.

eg.

考虑登陆飞机定票系统，验证系统是不是登陆成功，测试人员简单的录制然后回放校验。

Advantages

优点

• Fastest way to generate script.

很快就能生成脚本。

• Automation expertise not required

不需要自动化测试的经验。

• Easiest way to learn the features of the Testing Tool

最简单的方法去学习测试工具的各种功能。

Disadvantages

缺点

• Little reuse of scripts

代码重用率低

• Test data is hard coded into the script.

测试数据直接写死在代码里。

• Maintenance Nightmare

维护起来困难

2)The Test Library Architecture Framework.

测试库体系结构框架。

It is also know as "Structured Scripting" or "Functional Decomposition".

有时候也叫结构化脚本或者功能分解

In this Framework , test scripts are initially recorded by "Record & Playback" method. Later, common tasks inside the scripts are identified and grouped into Functions. These Functions are called by main test script. called Driver in different ways to create test cases.

在这种框架下， 测试脚本开始的时候都是通过录制回放生成的，然后，脚本中常用的功能被封装在不同的function 函数中，这些function都可以在脚本中调用。在测试用例中叫驱动

Ex:Using the same example as above, the function for logging in to Flight Reservation will look like .

      Function Login()

Now, you will call this function in the main script. as follows

    'Driver Script

Advantages

优点

• Higher level of code reuse is achieved in Structured Scripting as compared to "Record & Playback"

与录制回放功能对比起来，代码复用率高

• The automation scripts are less costly to develop due to higher code re-use
• Easier Script. Maintenance

代码维护起来更容易

Disadvantages

缺点

• Technical expertise is necessary to write  Scripts using Test Library Framework.
• More time is needed to plan and prepare test scripts.

需要更多时间去准备测试脚本

• Test Data is hard coded within the scripts

测试数据是在代码中写死的

3)The Data-Driven Testing Framework.

数据驱动框架

In this Framework , while Test case logic resides in Test Scripts, the Test Data is separated and kept outside the Test Scripts.Test Data is read from the external files (Excel Files, Text Files, CSV Files, ODBC Sources, DAO Objects, ADO Objects) and are loaded into the variables inside the Test Script. Variables are used both for Input values and for Verification values. Test Scripts themselves are prepared either using Linear Scripting  or Test Library Framework.

在这个框架下，测试用例是嵌套在测试脚本中的，但是测试数据是独立于脚本而保存在别的地方，测试数据保存在外部文件中(Excel Files, Text Files, CSV Files, ODBC Sources, DAO Objects, ADO Objects)，在运行过程中加载进脚本的， 变量在输入值和校验值中都需要用的， 测试脚本是线性框架或者测试对象库框架。

Ex: Developing the Flight Reservation Login script. using this method will involve two steps.

在飞机顶票系统中用这个方法有两步：

Step 1) Create a Test - Data file which could be Excel , CSV , or any other database source.

第一步： 创建测试数据

Step 2) Develop Test Script. and make references to your Test- Data source.

创建测试脚本

      SystemUtil.Run "flight4a.exe","","","open"

Advantages

• Changes to the Test Scripts do not affect the Test Data

修改测试脚本不会影响测试数据

• Test Cases can be executed with multiple Sets of Data

测试用来可以在多组测试数据中执行

• A Variety of Test Scenarios can be executed by just varying the Test Data in the External Data File

改变外部测试数据来实现不同测试场景的测试

DisAdvantages

缺点

• More time is needed to plan and prepare both Test Scripts and Test Data

需要更多的时间去计划和准备测试脚本和测试数据。

4)The Keyword-Driven

关键字驱动

or Table-Driven Testing Framework.

The Keyword-Driven or Table-Driven framework requires the development of data tables and keywords, independent of the test automation tool used to execute them . Tests can be designed with or without the Application. In a keyword-driven test, the functionality of the application-under-test is documented in a table as well as in step-by-step instructions for each test.

There are 3 basis components of a Keyword Driven Framework viz. Keyword , Application Map , Component Function.

What is a Keyword ?

Keyword is an Action that can be performed on a GUI Component. Ex . For GUI Component Textbox some Keywords ( Action) would be InputText, VerifyValue, VerifyProperty and so on.

What is Application Map?

An Application Map Provides Named References for GUI Components. Application Maps are nothing but "Object Repositry"

What is Component Function?

Component Functions are those functions that actively manipulate or interrogate GUI component. An example of a function would be click on web button with all error handling , enter data in a Web Edit with all error handling. Component functions could be application dependent or independent.

Ex: To understand Keyword View lets take the same example. It invovles 2 steps

Step 1: Creating Data Table (Different from Test-Data Table created in Data Driven Framework). This Data Table contains Action to be performed on GUI Objects and correspoding arguments if any. Each row respresents one Test Step.

Step 2: Writing Code in the form. of Component Functions.

Once you've created your data table(s), you simply write a program or a set of scripts that reads in each step, executes the step based on the keyword contained the Action field, performs error checking, and logs any relevant information. This program or set of scripts would look similar to the pseudo code below:

Thats all to Keyword Driven Framework.

The advantage of Keyword Driven Framework is that the Keywords are re-usable. To understand this consider  you want to verify login operation for a Website say YAHOO MAIL.  The table will look like this -

If you observe in this case the Keywords Set , Click , Verify remain the same for which corresponding component functions are already developed. All you need to do is change the Application Mapping (Object Repository) from earlier Flight Reservation to Yahoo Mail , with change in argument values and the same script. will work!

Advantages

• Provides high code re-usability
• Test Tool Independent
• Independent of Application Under Test, same script. works for AUT (with some limitations)
• Tests can be designed with or without AUT

Disadvantages

• Initial investment being pretty high, the benefits of this can only be realized if the application is considerably big and the test scripts are to be maintained for quite a few years.
• High Automation expertise is required to create the Keyword Driven Framework.

NOTE : Even though QTP advertises itself as KeyWord Driven Framework, you can not achieve complete test tool and application idependence using QTP.

5)The Hybrid Test Automation Framework.

As the name suggests this framework is the combination of one or more frameworks discussed above pulling from their strengths and trying to mitigate their weaknesses. This hybrid test automation framework is what most frameworks evolve into over time and multiple projects. Maximum industry uses Keyword Framework in combination of Function decomposition method.

PS:  Other Frameworks worth a mention are

1) Test Modularity Framework 

In this framework common task in test script. are grouped together as Modules.

Ex:Using Actions in QTP use can create a Modualr Scripts

   'Sample Script. for Login

Now you can call this Action in the main script. as follows - 

   RunAction ("Login[Argument]", oneIteration)

2) Business Process Testing (BPT) -

This frameworks , breaks up large Business Processes into Components  which can re-used multiple times in the  same or different test scripts. For example , the Business Process of Booking a flight is split into components like Login , Finding Flights , Booking , Payment & Logout which can be re-used in the same  Business process or different processes. Also, BPT facilitates closer coordination amongst SME's and Automation Engineers

Usefull links for keyword driven

http://www.automationrepository.com/2012/11/desigining-keyword-driven-framework-mapped-at-functional-level-part-2/

 

 

setting.webpackage("ReplayType")=2
Dim obj2
Dim rowNum2
Set Desc = Description.Create()
Desc("micclass").Value ="WebTable"
Desc("text").Value ="Document Source SystemDocument TypeDateOwnerStatusDocument NumberEntry NumberPurchase OrderStyle. IdDocument CurrencyPagerPage.*"
Set editobjects=Browser("Actual Costing System").Page("Document").ChildObjects(Desc)
fCount=Browser("Actual Costing System").Page("Document").ChildObjects(Desc).Count
For i=0 to fCount-1
  Set obj2=editobjects(i)
  rowNum2=obj2.GetRowWithCellText("DAMCO")
  obj2.ChildItem(rowNum2,1,"WebElement",0).Click ,,micRightBtn
  obj2.ChildItem(rowNum2,1,"WebElement",0).Click 2,2,micRightBtn
  Exit for
Next
setting.webpackage("ReplayType")=1
'Browser("Actual Costing System").Page("Document").WebElement("Document Detail").Click
Browser("Actual Costing System").Page("Document").WebElement("DocumentEdit").Click
'Browser("Actual Costing System").Page("Document").WebElement("Matching Receipts").Click
'
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''Hemisphere

都说女人如衣服，兄弟如手足，回想起来，我竟然七手八脚地裸奔了二十几年。2007年的年末，不幸遭遇了N多年不遇的暴风雪，连温暖的南方都没法继续奔了。那时才真正发现“衣服”的重要性，于是，找一个能让自己温暖的女人，相濡以沫、相亲相爱、相敬如宾、相辅相成，执子之手，与之偕老。兄弟姐妹们，我结婚了！
结婚之前，我们也有很多的担忧，担忧金钱、担忧感情、担心责任、担心自由……但最重要的东西都在两个人的心里，只要相信，就无所畏惧。其实，幸福很简单。
在家品味幸福的时间溜特别地快，回到工作中总是忙啊忙啊，没有尽头。但不管多忙，心里总有牵挂和期盼， 不想以前，没根没落的。
幸福是能让自己不自觉地感到愧疚的。没钱，买戒指的时候，让老婆挑，她故意挑了一枚便宜的，说自己喜欢简单的款式；没时间，老婆的假期比我多，总是没有时间陪她，没本事，一个人奔了这么多年，没有什么拿得出手的东西，要啥没啥……时常觉得自己一无是处了。兄弟们，不努力不行啊！
今年的中国人民经历的苦难太多。希望我的这些小小的幸福能够与你们分享。不管怎样，其实幸福离我们不远。生活还在继续，兄弟姐妹们，一起努力吧！

大家要是觉得写的好就支持下吧

     今天是端午节，跟大学一个姐门 好好的玩了一天。感觉现在朋友更重要，男人都是靠不住的。

早上两个人一觉睡到了12点，呵呵。（很有威力吧，没有2，3年的功底，练不成这样）。

起床后，一起过个早，一人一杯热豆浆。然后按照昨天的计划进行，去菜市场买菜做饭，毕竟今天是过节啊。

买了：2条黄鱼，1个西南花，一个新鲜的冬笋。回家，做饭。

香煎黄鱼，凉拌西南花，清炒冬笋。

搞定，尝尝，鱼不错，西南花也很爽口，可冬笋怎么那么苦呢，上网查了一下，不是我一个人炒出来的是苦的呵呵，那是大家都做的是苦的。（自我解脱的说法）

中午一人一个粽子，我吃的那个叫火炬粽。真是厉害啊。

 吃完饭，二人决定去洗头发，找了家不错的店子，带按摩和吹头发一共折腾了2个小时，好爽，出来的时候，两个人完全变了样，心情也顿时好了起来，感觉女人的心情很容易变化，一点点小感动，有时候一句好听的话，人马上开始飘飘然，同样一个新的发型，然我顿时high了起来。

之后逛街，吃小食。总之一直混到9点多，当然也少不了对各自男朋友的数落，2个女人在一起一定少不了的话题呵呵。总之很放松。

随后小罗接到他男朋友的电话。

我吃水果都是最好吃的，越贵越买，你说我虚荣也好，奢侈也好，我喜欢，我高兴就好，反正你也不能在我身边陪我，我就帮你把加班费消费光好了。当孤独寂寞的时候，只能用消费来证明自己的存在。

吃个冰淇淋人的幸福指数会增加很多，

我想有个漂亮发型，和一个不错的朋友呆上一天，幸福指数也是会上涨的。

祝大家端午节快乐。

让烦恼都走开

                                                          2008.6.8

月薪4-7k，要求英语听说读写。工作地点深圳福田，有意向者可以直接回贴。美资。主要是黑盒测试。

做测试已经有板有3年时间了,感觉测试是一个挑战人极限的工作,没有好的耐心没有好的脾气这份工作基本上是做不好的.

感觉每到一定的时间,就会想东想西,也就是找不着北,不知道自己想要做什么了.

在别人眼里测试就是一份轻松而且无聊的工作,实则不然,只有做过的人才知道其中的辛酸.

现在又到了职业规划的时候了,是继续走测试技术的道路,还是往管理方向发展呢.

不管走那一步都不件容易的事情,要付出,付出, 机会,机会.

    经过了接近2年的潜伏期，本人终于跳槽成功，而且一次就搞定两个，虽然不是特别好的工作，但是至少让我肯定了自己，以前每次面试都失败，搞的自己都没信心了，现在成功了，我要大小 哈哈哈哈哈哈哈。。

   下个星期就要去新公司上班了，虽然压力也是有的，但是还是兴奋。

一．在服务器上添加客户端的用户 ？

1 选择My Computer，右键选择manage。

2 选择local users and Group,右键点击new user，添加一个客户端的user。

3 然后双击该用户，在member of里面加到别的用户组 

二  loadtest 专业名词解释

Transaction：

ThinkTime：

Avg Page：

Response Time：

三 测试环境的配置。

1．status server的环境

   要把status server跟App 和Data Server设置在不同的机器上.

2．View status 改为Sql Servers。

3．Windows2003的IIS 上配置。

   选择IIS的管理

   应用的内存是总内存的%60。虚礼内存是实际内存的2倍。

四．数据绑定

   1．参数化数据库

        选择web scrīpt，右键添加Add Data Source,

        在server or file name 中输入文件名和文件路径。

   2．Excel的添加：

       扩展属性：  Excel 8.0

       在name 中输入文件名和文件路径.

  3．Txt文本文档的添加

        扩展属性：  text

         在name 中输入文件路径.

五  在VSTS中添加上下文参数。

   1 选择请求的大标题，右键选择Add context parameter, 选择parameter 1 右键点击properties。

 在name 字段中输入参数名。Value 字段可以输入1 或是不输入。

六 Load test 参数设置。

 1 Think Time

未完待续

在进行webtest的过程中，我们会遇到参数从一个页面无法传递到第二个页面的问题。

这个时候需要对业务熟悉，了解在参数传值得过程中的字段。

在VSTS中要监控服务器的性能，所以就必须把服务器添加到Loadtest中，步骤如下：

1 选择一个项目，点击右键选择添加Loadtest，在counts seting中点击添加服务器

2 输入服务器名称，选择需要关注的计数器。

如果添加成功在loadtest中可以看到该服务器。

添加服务器的前提条件是：客户端可以自由访问服务器。

在客户端的设置是：