SUN系统管理员常用概念/命令

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1. Solaris 操作系统51Testing软件测试网:w i.\-a'[#t3F
   操作系统的版本:Solaris 1.x(sunos4.1.x), Solaris 2.x(sunos 5.x), Solaris 7, Solaris 851Testing软件测试网#Q"Ae#Jem_
   特点: 多用户, 多任务(or 多进程,多线程), 分布式计算(处理)
q;Sg.Y2d&{0   应用: Client-Server方式中的服务器51Testing软件测试网PL Z R[E
         o NFS Server,51Testing软件测试网)lQ"Km)l|;h
         o Name services Server,
-g8PG"E'{mI\5~0         o mail Server,
'_7Zk IB0         o Operating system Server,51Testing软件测试网sm \C!S/k#b_o]
         o Database Server
i(F#J:P:x[ X0         o Application Server51Testing软件测试网6?9T9qxp]uU

b!m7Q@:nW0
kR-Z:lw rN02. SUN 服务器体系结构
M?y"n:[U!K0   硬件(Hardware) --> Solaris 系统内核(Kernel)-->指令 Shell-->应用软件(Applications)51Testing软件测试网7u^KGU-K
     o SUN 服务器的体系结构发展(Kernel and Application Architecture):
AgV6Z&oI1ty"?u0           [1] SPARC-->[2] SuperSPARC-->[3] UltraSPARC-->[4] sun4c,51Testing软件测试网0v a4Z.X;j&O]j
           -->[5] sun4m-->[6] sun4u

     o 常见硬件组成
J0^B4hxe%|;a:y0           [1] 处理器 CUP,
EMQ6`hm$K5K|M t0           [2] 内存 Memory,51Testing软件测试网De XV&axyLB
           [3] 系统总线 bus,51Testing软件测试网%s+P d*?,b*K|
           [4] 硬盘 disk,51Testing软件测试网6U,`*gl t0O)vLq
           [5] 显示器 monitor,51Testing软件测试网@OE1@ eRt6G/?o
           [6] 键盘 keyboard,
v|M\0v4z)JI0           [7] 光驱 cdrom,51Testing软件测试网OL w{)R%Zc2v{!AS
           [8] 磁带机 tape,51Testing软件测试网s|g3@HXJ;~
           [9] 网卡 net
+|GlHC{A0           ......

 51Testing软件测试网'a,CqJ|2^~;^

3. Openboot(Prom) 常用命令 及 Solaris 操作系统的安装

   Openboot(Prom) 常用命令:51Testing软件测试网l8dD:d"pJu
   =========================
1Kfb*Xb&~4?0     ok> help                 (帮助命令)51Testing软件测试网(e~,D7QSL3je
     ok> banner         (显示系统hostid, memory, mac addr等nvrom配置信息)51Testing软件测试网t O Qn;{0Fx
     ok> .version         (显示prom版本信息)
yg0|d+l2U)_!W0     ok> devalias         (系统设备别名)51Testing软件测试网1`0s!k J|ah8p
         例如
@ MLq5u0         devalias cdrom1 /sbus/SUNW,fas@e8800000/sd@5,051Testing软件测试网Y)`:Q M7C2f
     ok> nvalias         (prom命令/信息别名)51Testing软件测试网t Z{VZje'~ J
     ok> probe-scsi-all (显示所有scsi设备)51Testing软件测试网S ukjq5Bw \
     ok> printenv         (显示prom系统环境变量)
@X~;m j V:E,H\0     ok> setenv         (设置prom系统环境变量)
pxl0ETy0         例如:51Testing软件测试网7O7_qy*tg't
         setenv auto-boot false51Testing软件测试网q$U&?@bu
         setenv boot-device disk net cdrom
$NJ:RZ'~uZ8s0     ok> set-defaults         (设置prom系统环境变量为缺省值)51Testing软件测试网rX}r3{7\B}
     ok> reset              51Testing软件测试网4XP:vX)`

  Solaris 操作系统的安装:

A4|o.YK5r0  =======================

~^:I8K7h$MSl0     o 从光盘启动,并安装操作系统命令:
k1_ @^ wE)Md0        ok> boot cdrom,
i~7E'qb D8`'k,en0     o 终止系统安装/启动:51Testing软件测试网"C0\@
h!O,VC
         stop+a--> sync--> reset51Testing软件测试网g._X)a4i?
     o 继续安装/启动
$y3R9yUrH$K/c)Y0        ok> go,51Testing软件测试网#d/?:LX(db1}R
     o 安装过程中须提供主要信息51Testing软件测试网` fC1n~9Q0jNX7@Y
        [1]主机名host name,
$C{1mR/B$G.R2cZ(|0        [2]网络network,ip地址,51Testing软件测试网Kg6JFZA}
        [3]网络服务器类型nis+/other/none/standlone,
)~ c8I[P2K ~rH;C0f0        [4]子网掩码netmask,51Testing软件测试网YsMCa
        [5]时区time zone,
(x.g)Z _a6s0        [6]日期/时间date/time51Testing软件测试网ukJ^7R%K9_;V6b
        [7]安装方式:升级/初始安装upgrade/initial,51Testing软件测试网jp/SD#v]3tn7_ Y
        [8]硬盘分区信息

sJ|`}0            例如:partition:0 /,51Testing软件测试网){_7wO#[!En;?"R
                           1 swap,
'PG#z#y a(v)h0                           2 backup,
;N^s7vj0                           3,
"Z lQf@h&}/w8W0                           4,
V$l*s.P Z\-o0                           5,
}5WNg0AZpO0                           6 /usr,
,I0}R[1v\2]0                           7 /export/home51Testing软件测试网C2Mal;n+a$g W}Pw4I7y
     o Solaris操作系统常见分区功能51Testing软件测试网cdm
a3](h7WI3Vw
           [1] /        操作系统根目录51Testing软件测试网$tL2ME,K!xN ?
           [2] Swap        内存交换区
`ykllQ0           [3] /usr        存放系统应用软件及命令
mW*~w q9`,Vbk0Z0           [4] /opt        安装用户应用软件
!Nl?tPN+uTH0           [5] /var        系统信息存放区
x
{2yH1l0           [6] /export/home        用户目录区51Testing软件测试网^)r6WWEL ?

"xE`jE-y!H j0 

.NmYvR9Z;cl
U3K0系统安装信息日志:
`d.vC4e9W-|0  =================51Testing软件测试网/rc?G|P
   /var/sadm/install/contents, install_log51Testing软件测试网pi7QaA|.N
 

4. 应用软件常用安装/删除命令(add/delete software)

UDKpH0 51Testing软件测试网B3_
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   图形工具命令
3F8B3xd T2B'[(R]0   ============
Z1Um-d h DIno:y7k&N0    # admintool&      51Testing软件测试网t)[b)EF3k

51Testing软件测试网_M2o%wR/gV9Kirny
   命令行工具51Testing软件测试网 {TH.x'e"r
_`N
   ==========
;@6f5^f i0    # pkginfo,        例如: # pkginfo | grep ab
w4A{Q_s`sD O0    # pkgadd,   例如: # pkgadd -d . SUNWsprot SUNWabc51Testing软件测试网cei)] f
    # pkgrm,    例如: # pkgrm SUNWsport SUNWabc
Jq.D0UJRY%A;S0    # pkgchk    例如: # pkgchk SUNWsport SUNWabc

 51Testing软件测试网!a+U*l%m)D

a0F/gX9d05. 补丁管理命令Patch51Testing软件测试网F?$@6AH&[b m

w;W,n0e*[ G1e{/K0   查看patch: # showrev -p,51Testing软件测试网!MrK(r&s
   安装patch: # ./installpatch .51Testing软件测试网,r6s!Et3m
   备份patch: # ./backoutpatch 102972-01

FX|CZ7E.F0   patch安装目录: /var/sadm/patch
3lZ SW G)q0   patch信息网站:http://sunsolve.sun.com

51Testing软件测试网!F2cS]-k
6. 操作系统启动过程及运行级别

gyl*HBx:? l/xdz0     操作系统启动过程
DZ!SGpM"`$j0     ================51Testing软件测试网[~)D(Gp`6P
       [1] prom                (系统自检selftest) ,51Testing软件测试网]
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       [2] bootblk,        (系统引导盘启动扇区),51Testing软件测试网j:H;WsO~
       [3] ufsboot        (/platform/'uname -i'/ufsboot),51Testing软件测试网@+E/U
S}7NQr*[
       [4] kernel        (initself, /kernel/genunix, /etc/system),51Testing软件测试网(U/zT]D At:n
       [5] init         (/sbin/init,  /etc/inittab, /sbin/rc*.d,
0\*d])g3{h0                         /etc/rc*.d, /etc/init.d)51Testing软件测试网J J)t0y8Pu3Y

 51Testing软件测试网PTN [1I
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    操作系统自动配置过程51Testing软件测试网e }N9fqJ'lueE
    ====================
8R5^l-`3D{,S,L0       [1] 内核上载入内存(kernel module are load to memory)51Testing软件测试网 hj!i.zn.XbH
           o 静态内核static core:
5I]p(w1DX#Q0               /kernel/genunix, /platform/.../kernel/unix,
;G?/lC3_7T/c)h*x0           o 动态内核dynamically loaded module:51Testing软件测试网,_"`[ [2\h.z
                driver module, streams, ufs module, nfs module
$d[ Rz(rk5l4|0                /kernel/,/platform/.../kernel/unix, /usr/kernel
-{0d$H)D5H6i$[;w0           o /etc/system内容:51Testing软件测试网$Bcq&}7L%\
                moddir,51Testing软件测试网-V;uL eS\
                exclude rootdev,51Testing软件测试网(q o6t4j;[l$K c,\*dIv
                set pt_cnt=10051Testing软件测试网GcR!n+W|N Y
                ...............51Testing软件测试网,I6Q9~!]U,H'g

51Testing软件测试网 J%kKqW(?0oH
      [2] 设备配置(device configration )51Testing软件测试网} U3[A&e+XfcKj
           o device tree: /devices, /dev51Testing软件测试网#C w@4J1zB!oW1F
           o /etc/path_to_install

51Testing软件测试网8hb!c1xC$M:F F
    查看操作系统配置
d+[~4y:v5Y7A^&b0    ==================51Testing软件测试网IZR8v,Zh6L
      # dmesg,51Testing软件测试网0W[2N(U2B ^
      # printconf,51Testing软件测试网{-PVDfT[;r
      # sysdef
4bu&qk_,\0      # /usr/platform/sun4u/sbin/prtdiag
/O[1BBG0      # /usr/platform/sun43u/sbin/prtdiag

HI B_;^5u
G)b0    重新配置系统硬件51Testing软件测试网 _#m W
s1|
Y?)by
    =================51Testing软件测试网ckl:N"\fsOQ
      # touch /reconfigure51Testing软件测试网-RW#Yso1l
      # init 051Testing软件测试网MC6Ay4Z6t#QH
      ok boot -r (重新启动/配置系统硬件)
i/f_3u"G;U"_$m0      ok boot -ar51Testing软件测试网:UfqTj-M!PL,e:~

$YB`m)ys'U]0       在系统运行情况下,如果不想重新启动系统,51Testing软件测试网(vB/UD)E
       安装硬盘/磁带等热插拔硬件,则:
6fZQ)V.EW0          # drvconfig51Testing软件测试网X"A#qB Q g%w
          # devlinks51Testing软件测试网M%i2Shf u(O
          # disks51Testing软件测试网}M;OO9o?~
          # tapes51Testing软件测试网M7H4\AS RX/Q'H,g9s
       查看配置情况:51Testing软件测试网 s9C#R!YMN
          # dmesg51Testing软件测试网2f1`(X|/~
          # printconf
{a/o&G ~/f}6D&k0          # sysdef

51Testing软件测试网/kV j}X&Oau
   操作系统运行级别51Testing软件测试网? b,s-H&og ?
   ==================51Testing软件测试网jQJ6[@mi
   系统启动时，进入/etc/inittab中initdefault所定义的运行级别(deafult 3)
QSkOz;K0   各运行级别的定义：
tACG\)}Z$R+G0     run level:0,        (halt, shotdown, stop+a,sync,go )51Testing软件测试网~6@N.F DZD:O Gk+R
               1,        (single user, boot -s, init  s )51Testing软件测试网 q
nW,P.X@
               2,        (multiuser, unshare net)51Testing软件测试网])x6g6F3lrY!x
               3,        (multiuser, deafult)51Testing软件测试网.~5^0wjE![&E y#h-bJ
               5,        (halt, power off )
6y^"p7dNDJMy0               6,        (reboot to level 3 )51Testing软件测试网J SzB6}T7AI
               S         (init 1,  boot -s)

1gt/MF ^9R"F6Nr0   改变系统运行级别命令51Testing软件测试网P~ogg u7KY ?
   ====================
)b.L*T#d&RqJG0       # init 0, halt, shotdown, stop+a,sync,go51Testing软件测试网%W O8I&[.I8ge7?T*K
       # init 1, single user, boot -s, init  s
&I`+f%G)K0       # init 2, multiuser, unshare net51Testing软件测试网2w:Kz$tpAC
       # init 3, multiuser, deafult51Testing软件测试网"Q#G O5yTU L
o
       # init 5, halt, power off51Testing软件测试网%f+@#Ca(~8s!M
       # init 6, reboot to level 3
$ba3pw d]|0       # init s, init 1,  boot -s51Testing软件测试网c.K4Q#we9^v
       # init *,shotdown,halt,poweroff, reboot -- -r, reboot -- -s

k0\#O;S L8|8kot0       ok> boot -s, boot -sra

   启动、关闭Solaris 操作系统
x,Br k:Z!j}0   ==========================51Testing软件测试网(~"?F\I
       ok> boot -r (一般在安装新设备如硬盘等后，重起机器，重建系统内核)。51Testing软件测试网9|f6o4\:M [nJ iU]#_
       ok> boot cdrom - brower (从CDROM启动机器，重新安装系统，界面为浏览器方式)。

       # sync (将内存中的内容写入硬盘)。51Testing软件测试网7q+z%U*QP8b
       # halt (或 /etc/init 0) (关闭系统)。
{N#gM#b3V"|"@0       # reboot

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7. 操作系统启动/关闭时运行的脚本命令51Testing软件测试网 \w0BT*y
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   Solaris操作系统会在系统启动或关闭时自动运行脚本命令51Testing软件测试网,X.un1y.RF F|U

"Tlz}/}{J0
,Z \-g!s+Yp k
YB g0   例如: 有一个启动/关闭数据库的命令脚本/etc/init.d/rdbms,51Testing软件测试网$fs$j xo
         想在系统启动/停止时自动启动/关闭数据库:
uuZ`RHj ~T0       # vi /etc/init.d/rdbms
Ly_'^6cR0       # cd /etc/init3.d
5X/Eq?di.S0       # ln /etc/init.d/rdbms S22rdbms (在系统启动时，运行命令脚本)
-] ?$j m-k'fiB(b0       # cd /etc/init0.d51Testing软件测试网9\3Ms#z;CM hp4a
       # ln /etc/init.d/rdbms K8822rdbms (在系统关闭时，运行命令脚本)
soP8J7Gq)v1L(wx0   也可手动执行:51Testing软件测试网xLE2J'j eA B
       # /etc/init.d/rdbms stop
2o"Y(HC x1M/H0       # /etc/init.d/rdbms start51Testing软件测试网0?.P0Lx3[:E_i

)ms
G;v(xq&o{051Testing软件测试网M$Sx-d!Ch
    要定时运行一个程序51Testing软件测试网,g8j7}nMX
    ====================51Testing软件测试网z%MaV j$@s9g
    在/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root中加入

      分_时_日_月_年   /运用程序

*q2R F!X,u%_4|7U v0 51Testing软件测试网WDcv I|(Y6k![

8. 硬盘分区及格式化(disk partition and format )

51Testing软件测试网V w:B {/m R%{ iP~S"Ci!u
   # foramt (可显示硬盘类型, 大小, 分区情况. 可重新分区, 格式化等)
'`LGd`#fR8J0     0 >partition>p>0>1>3>4>5>6>7>print>label>format>quit>quit51Testing软件测试网bl,LX @ uXh
        0       root    wm       0 - 3514        3.62GB    (3515/0/0) 7592400
Xr{.JV yyp0        1       swap    wu    3515 - 3757      256.29MB    (243/0/0)   524880
oRNlpE0        2     backup    wm       0 - 3879        4.00GB    (3880/0/0) 838080051Testing软件测试网 N%q'ns4w)nH Gz*W
        3 unassigned    wm    3758 - 3879      128.67MB    (122/0/0)   263520
%Z8R6AbN0        4 unassigned    wm       0               0         (0/0/0)          0
6^DlOBUy0        5 unassigned    wm       0               0         (0/0/0)          0
+\4?eT m0yc0        6 unassigned    wm       0               0         (0/0/0)          051Testing软件测试网.\5?1`mm#HO
        7 unassigned    wm       0               0         (0/0/0)          0

   #foramt
"V]h"J~WW0     1>type
M+x1UI&jf9|RjR0       <SUN4.2G cyl 3880 alt 2 hd 16 sec 135>
;R5O b:m x-A){0       >partition>print>0
#wc!^k(y0        root    wm    0  1940c
*O;w2\[ S.m0     >751Testing软件测试网6NMm LYD7]1DxG
        root    wm    0  1940c
bWr:E} SPg s*SP0     >p51Testing软件测试网S%oDH$I}w
        0       root    wm       0 -1939        2.00GB    (1940/0/0) 419040051Testing软件测试网(I%K6a a*jy?b'}KM
        2     backup    wm       0 - 3879        4.00GB    (3880/0/0) 838080051Testing软件测试网hl[%g#sf}~y V
        7     home    wm       1940-3879        2.00GB  (1940/0/0) 4190400
Z@Lwfv3N0     >label>quit>quit

.|i~w9R P[Kx0 

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
j }P%_I,T~/JE0 
e-q7F:Cb W4M#`V5V%g09. Solaris 文件系统管理(unix file system )51Testing软件测试网,\5F#KB8W9V

0KD2M#EZE:R%`X0   常见文件系统类型
-~3Ee8i8i0   ================
,t v5{x_&]:Q%~%s0    [1]ufs,
pv^ @U!NA7AD5xw0    [2]hsfs,
4z&gt|*WU0    [3]pcfs,
TiF^ C7b#w!s0    [4]vxfs
Tk#?T6S:D0_,G0     ....
4Ok6J2AB2va)Y*U+^8]%P0 
$N | mua#m H0   设备名描述(硬盘)
!E E"h+?hw,M8NV0   ==================51Testing软件测试网Y{g,s-tG/}
    /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0,(裸设备/字符设备raw disk)51Testing软件测试网n:Qz#ROl G%_ ]
    /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0,(逻辑设备/块设备logicl disk , block device)51Testing软件测试网/e/P/I*F%yS&u

   存储设备上建立文件系统51Testing软件测试网"DGE`!M~6Kc.B7s9|
   ======================
,p
r!SxU2G0      # newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s751Testing软件测试网ai@bRkJ

xiX1b;E0   系统文件系统记录
Q*C(x;g8L0^B0Vu0   =================51Testing软件测试网7_voYQ*F
     # vi /etc/vfstab51Testing软件测试网zcQv8f I
          fd - /dev/fd fd - no -51Testing软件测试网5R0qb&f-k \ko,r
          /proc - /proc proc - no -
]9QX`poe+b(]0          /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no -51Testing软件测试网:aF_F B ZN
          /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 / ufs 1 no -
hr Ph z&Sg0          /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s3 /cache ufs 2 yes -
$m.Q6I/L3V'B0          /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home ufs 2 yes -
Cm }@T0\0          /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s7 /export/home1 ufs 2 yes -51Testing软件测试网0h(\$z7XZA7J
          swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -51Testing软件测试网;Q(_d6N(pd$j

NM9J{)z?L/x0   常用文件系统的操作命令
(i.d?4F!ifM;~7rsB!L8{0   ======================
N V$nK i!T9L0     示例:
Z6_x;c t0yW&s.G7d0     # umount /export/home1                               
gLw*vk+hj]1SUy0     # mount /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7 /export/home1       
.N&rUDkoh3U0     # umount /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s751Testing软件测试网WnoF!i*D*@!O6I V
     # mount -F pcfs /dev/diskette /floppy                 (mount 软盘)
/k-a&x)TpF0     # mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/rdsk/c0t6d0s0 /cdrom         (mount 光驱)
V~9M(TI0     # mountall -l51Testing软件测试网!d*t!l&_fE
     # umountall -l51Testing软件测试网k*CbG,U8m
     # volcheck51Testing软件测试网;g^&Y"i)j0|Z`
     # fdformat                                         (软盘格式化)
6T7i!u P:PfB`"r0     # eject cdrom                                         (弹出光驱)51Testing软件测试网9v Y#I"T4~0m]8^Ix
     # eject floppy                                         (弹出软盘)51Testing软件测试网 f'`S!TH[

51Testing软件测试网7uc%]C
rO"S0KK:g2{2s
   Swap区文件系统的管理
+C;ugX!^1v0   ====================51Testing软件测试网s"it'b-f%o
    # swap -l,-a,-d,-s
k+LdSD,z N/Mf G0  
IO[(_E@ b1f{"W0    增加Swap区示例51Testing软件测试网8c5w&ffXPU'`e5~(q U9S
       # mkfile 20m /export/home1/swap
8g&[9['lB~3J@0       # swap -a /export/home1/swap51Testing软件测试网FS/F)m1l]yP
       # swap -l51Testing软件测试网'B:b6et#NTRg
       # swap -d /export/home1/swap51Testing软件测试网b
F7f%FCA
       # vi /etc/vfstab
G P[yf2U[
xS f0            /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no -51Testing软件测试网"mr7Zd
@ Uqi Y r)u!n
            /export/home1/swap - - swap - no -51Testing软件测试网QC2s7_z8Y6nM(LF
            swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -

/e7b0qkYy|?0  文件系统的维护/管理(maintain file system )51Testing软件测试网*sg
g,O+s-zqG
      [1] fsck,sync,fslush deamon( 30 second)
4qm2py)xS!~0          stop+a51Testing软件测试网zAtu3O$Xr#Y
          sync51Testing软件测试网Z%a!V_*Jc%Czi
      [2] # umount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s751Testing软件测试网5}6?w A^|
n
          # fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7
#Qe1U4[_1E2IZ0          # fsck /export/home
1_#? V9pn7d[ _Cw0          # mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home
l"Sy-K'S;W5O0          # ls /export/home/lost+found
;e z%r0`U@0 51Testing软件测试网g"J6?#O'L
 

VU9M&AlMQ010. 系统备份/恢复(backup and restore )51Testing软件测试网-v_)_3q,C

(m?$@'kr0
d3?\R)dC.G0    系统备份级别
3Y"i wpg7|A0    ============51Testing软件测试网J4@q,X$I"u Z
     [1] 共10级 level,51Testing软件测试网 ~m9FW:w"h~k*Zq
     [2] 0 级为全备份full,51Testing软件测试网+l"\3uA!E h
     [3] 2-9 级为增量备份inc,
0h ] C/I?g\0     [4] /etc/dumpdates,

*VwC5f3k"\)|"Hk0    备份设备一般为磁带
'zhv!X#gaK)u0    ==================51Testing软件测试网 Uz#?XxH|RG
     [1]tape,51Testing软件测试网3al)G9L,c6R6r
     [2]设备名 /dev/rmt/0lbn (l,m,h density; b BSD behavīor, n no rewind)51Testing软件测试网@
IHpkg

     系统系统备份/恢复命令
8b0[ mVA @Qn\3}$V0    =====================
P4xaZ!O^Q0r0     [1] ufsdump,
ev%Zx,H:f?0     [2] ufsrestore,
ET9nx'r1r[0      例如:51Testing软件测试网6_cZp/U7T.c3K
          # ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home51Testing软件测试网q^jmu_:[
          # cd /var/tmp51Testing软件测试网)FeXl)X9wr3x+r$y
          # ufsrestore tvf /dev/rmt/051Testing软件测试网,},Q;jH2U1JzR
          # ufsrestore xvf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home

       恢复系统根目录操作举例(restore / file system )51Testing软件测试网hY4{D(W3Ef$R
          ok> boot cdrom -s51Testing软件测试网HBa-Uk|
          系统启动后,不进行安装,打开一个命令窗口:51Testing软件测试网[:?4?t'E E
          # newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0
R1c
Kx*q&X Yp]&S0          # fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0
D-G%m-YFae#M0          # mount /dev/dsk/c0t3d0s0 /a
l s/Y+K3@ c:T0          # cd /a51Testing软件测试网+I3Wui7u,h;r}B8O;_
          # ufsdump rvf /dev/rmt/051Testing软件测试网s?)S;~~ a$m
          # rm restoresymtable
4o'BQf/UL:LK1v0          # cd /usr/platform/'uname -i'/libfs/ufs
0s,H\n&l}0`;cj0          # installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0
UjR U9k!CN
\j0          # umount /a
OTi7HC]+|@0          # init 651Testing软件测试网Be6]A)}g

    常用备份/恢复命令(dditional backup command )
vd7k,Y,|&Zq-x0    ============================================
#l3p2jxV.k8V&o0      [1] mt,51Testing软件测试网
h cRkJL3I
      [2] tar,
{,y~ix#^,|'_0      [3] dd,
0rA,Ci$M @9k0      [4] cpio51Testing软件测试网5gXv.zH!A

cl J6Zd
k5m2YR0     软盘操作
j`[Z^6_8h-H0    ===========51Testing软件测试网9v
Sfe(LA(g;j
      # volcheck
I5eH
D6o0      # fdformat -U (unix格式化软盘), fdformat -d (dos 系统格式化)51Testing软件测试网&J'Ous![bq4IV$it
      # newfs /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0(在软盘上建UFS文件系统)
E5oXX;B ?0      # mount -t  pcfs /dev/fd0 /pcfs51Testing软件测试网m.b0j"yPP:y
      # eject floppy51Testing软件测试网5w`p6W5Bl X

      光驱操作51Testing软件测试网-xo*k,@'^ ]C]tG
      =========
Kk,UkK]%V0      # mount -F hsfs /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /mnt/cdrom
'NBk0s:`0      # fuser -k /mnt/cdrom51Testing软件测试网 D,r,jS
aMP
      # eject51Testing软件测试网u4V]}IYDHB

      磁带机操作
JJqT;V5W0      ============
v1jB
Q3NQ,`R0      # mt -f /dev/rmt/0 rew (到带)51Testing软件测试网;Q&d-H&l [Tv O;m
      # mt -f /dev/rmt/0n status{eof | rewind | erase | offline | bsf n | fsf n}51Testing软件测试网 z$~+k'rz
        (0n        表示磁带操作完后不到带,
Kr9~U[8q)C,k0         status    表示查看磁带状态，51Testing软件测试网#|!J(F
_w6g
         eof       表示到磁带最后一个文件，
Kl6l$`9|0         rewind    表示到带到磁带最前，
e#Wti4o)\1w6[k0         erase     摸掉，51Testing软件测试网ho I8[ZO.ib i2@S
         offline   弹出磁带，
0\ P z UfK{v_0         bsf n     磁带往回退n个文件，51Testing软件测试网)aYo1j8{3Ps
BN
         fsf n     磁带往前n个文件)
7ET3iy{4s0      # tar xvf /dev/rmt/0
@&H1z.JF1Mi3r8B0        (从磁带到硬盘,解开归档文件)
5B5J cHq$e[0      # tar tvf /dev/rmt/0
)pF)~mx5J}4o0        (查看磁带内容，查看归档文件内容)51Testing软件测试网O6``l
m`E
      # tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 文件系统
7a;x1g#`%GN+@0        (将文件系统考入磁带，将多个文件、目录建成归档文件)51Testing软件测试网%`v/F/j"][kH

1XVn9{$SFh0 51Testing软件测试网Fe7mHo"vk"O X/^

11. 网络管理(network)51Testing软件测试网bpsv^dl2S#p

g-vfq R'T0    相关配置文件51Testing软件测试网1kH|XTi{
    =============51Testing软件测试网r"?2G%K%tF|
     [1] /etc/nodename
3H mvU7C9DSf0     [2] /etc/hosts51Testing软件测试网6YO}
D3}.w,aZ F
     [3] /etc/hostname.hme051Testing软件测试网5e }2V'G;o8X E
          (qe0, le0, hme1, hme2, ..., hme0:1, hme0:2, ... )51Testing软件测试网%XovO I*E:J$n
     [4] /etc/netmasks51Testing软件测试网cbhe:[3fz
     [5] /etc/networks
UX1@%^T4l7x0     [6] /etc/defaultrouter51Testing软件测试网#]y m-M)k:X7u
     [7] /etc/notrouter
aM3eI;|l0     [8] /etc/inetd.conf
ZW;cU7sq0     [9] /etc/rpc
\2uW"}+R$ZA0     [10] /etc/services51Testing软件测试网 iwlS j
y4{&?

$X\"t2gE%E&Et#Z0    相关进程deamon:
xelO5?1s(]0    ================51Testing软件测试网tswe?
     [1] in.tcpipd
_q,^wzv)P.E._0     [2] in.routed
4QZRy'VJR,[0     [3] in.rdisc51Testing软件测试网}$\2si:o,bW
      ......

51Testing软件测试网dC.E1S p
     常用网络管理命令command:51Testing软件测试网JP%R'v!H;S
     ========================
0t J9R`~0      [1] ifconfig -a51Testing软件测试网 q5Ia9W6|&a*G
      [2] netstat -rn
];u1O8] D%DH0      [3] snoop -d hme0
'`G3h+G'ab h0      [4] route
vNXx@8sD'o0      [5] arp -a
8J%{ x\#i(f)e0      [6] /usr/sbin/ping
o{Gv+s6X]:A0      [7] /usr/bin/telnet51Testing软件测试网akzE5]4yu(VeG
      [8] /usr/bin/rlogin51Testing软件测试网AE8X,G5V{
      [9] /usr/bin/ftp51Testing软件测试网H(l6Y_td+c-QH
      [10] /usr/openwin/bin/xhost51Testing软件测试网n+cu
R9hI

@+`%|7xc*?}051Testing软件测试网7UrV!W!Fx
   配制网络端口51Testing软件测试网 C}.^BGQ4mc
   ============51Testing软件测试网!h%A~Y9PF+j(x-K B x
     # ifconfig51Testing软件测试网 aQ#e b_CU
     示例:
G1];|3?!k:F0     # ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 plumb
{:G
F9N6q7C&t"]t @|0     # ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 up
]4F+T:@6^^(y}0     # ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 down51Testing软件测试网KeeM SI

   修改路由表51Testing软件测试网(H'T/u/nND
   ============
8T*K.b5iI0     # netstat -r
`Y7E#q g:n5G0     # route add net 10.10.10.0 10.10.10.1 1
(vo{\pHU4g n0     # route add default 10.10.10.1 151Testing软件测试网Vu
\7\
Z4wq

7p7t{Mk0rx0     o 增加静态路由:51Testing软件测试网 F.Vu#f0gKgO1s
       # vi /etc/defaultrouter
tyj'z J,J v0            10.10.10.1 i1
G0G&pVTC0       # sync;sync;reboot51Testing软件测试网!Qw6w9jx n)L

     o 查看路由进程
%FA;z9I3FMM0       # ps -ef |grep routed

   重新关闭/启动tcp/ip协议进程
@6MMJ2za5]~H0   =============================51Testing软件测试网o C@ITC`
     #sh /etc/init.d/inetinit stop
A2H(^4Q(H+`%d c0     #sh /etc/init.d/inetinit start

,MI:m)gC}+A051Testing软件测试网6F#hz5Tkr3~1w.\
12. 路由服务器:

3tlB$e*sD\'Y0    系统有两个/或两个以上的网口,可作为路由器或防火墙51Testing软件测试网F'\#{TT }aC
  51Testing软件测试网r.p4F?H6v
      禁止两个网口间路由ip
o^?;@E A'u w0      ====================51Testing软件测试网*[-`9wTD`z_:LJ#P
      # cd /etc
'yBTX1{f8|Kr&uC6F0      # touch notrouter
!|5C+kP[9|NRF0      # sync
0c)dOqa$I0      # sync51Testing软件测试网
E
IZ5}zT(X
      # reboot51Testing软件测试网0Z P/s3Q@}hMu{
    
-dd6Be!s,V0      查看路由进程
;C-t?s yb0      =============
"yz"i)Q^8a"E0      # ps -ef |grep routed51Testing软件测试网 y6?,Vjxv!j/}5sRC@U
      # ps -ef |grep in.rdisc51Testing软件测试网$A{
FP0{#a

2`&Y~x5|p X;M0 

f iE,D4H5G|x\ w013. 域名服务器(dns)

8I"]$O2J9B6_/{0    相应配置文件
Eh]3@1p#Lf0    ============
+}lw*c@L(Bs0    [1] /etc/named.boot
?#PM xmXD@,Q(Z0    [2] /etc/named.conf (only for solaris 2.7)
H?d*_9L"YzJ5Q/]0    [3] /var/named/db.*;
d0R6qx ]i7I0    [4] /etc/nsswitch.conf
F7vt-K1h0    [5] /etc/resolv.conf51Testing软件测试网 YxrX+F)f;a;j

({}[!l0[3T0l0    相应系统进程
4tYh.Rs@0z0    ============51Testing软件测试网;C]9L:Dg,Cb
    [1] in.named;
*y} }&g:`x!j0    [2] bind51Testing软件测试网E.N$s4S8|}K3cK~

j7hD9c-Z$n2B a+o`%X/?0    相关命令51Testing软件测试网So7O4d@TuL
    ========51Testing软件测试网 K0q@]6NB*X
    [1] /etc/init.d/inetsvc;51Testing软件测试网{#Vx3D.?*Hz7Z%]k m
        # /etc/init.d/inetsvc stop
S,e-Q?S(RA*S_W0        # /etc/init.d/inetsvc start

)K7b K5fO2~e]0    [2] nslookup

kU q-s;pVq0 

6Cu+Lj/_vO
`051Testing软件测试网X/{\&K3at2p*AB,@
    域名服务client端配置示例51Testing软件测试网Mz7FG NmqdT
    ========================51Testing软件测试网 jq:Z1y2Ta;T+B

R eTzZ@0     # vi /etc/nsswitch.conf51Testing软件测试网(lK}qv _!]:k3a0eZ
           hosts:      files dns51Testing软件测试网Txm_+o*^

y
M!L"Q{)BWD0     # vi /etc/resolv.conf51Testing软件测试网$a
xwT9o1v
          domain leadcom.com51Testing软件测试网7OO.uM+WE;wX]0D
          search leadcom.com
#FS|3q\[r:q |0          nameserver 192.168.0.100   

x{([-\-Ms-C2ntnN051Testing软件测试网:h"}so]}N,I
     # nslookup51Testing软件测试网"J)E8T8S(]`K9m
 51Testing软件测试网R%XL*m2ESds~

14. NIS 服务器

51Testing软件测试网 ^lH(WSj
    相应配置文件51Testing软件测试网&X'vs.~6S2J;~n;v3lly
    ============51Testing软件测试网f^q.E$L ^"n D$G mX
    [1] /var/yp,
8a+jgK2B0    [2] /var/yp/Makefile
N9A[n5G x?0    [3] /etc/defaultdomain51Testing软件测试网}*I5W c:Ee_&V.N
    [4] /etc/nsswitch.conf
~1na'L+H\Wu(x0    [5] /etc/hosts,
\i ~tuF.Nk`0|c0    [6] /etc/networks, ...51Testing软件测试网 La sEk,P4u

    相应系统进程51Testing软件测试网"kKF"OGH$XCB Ok
    ============
yZ{v0g(hE0    [1] ypserv;   
k)n5eU~4U0    [2] ypbind51Testing软件测试网Hv
`M8p4S(E$_h

F$k {!G!]o)?`(U0    相关命令
`TC'y-ohD?g9}0    ========51Testing软件测试网E0J s3[TwRWSaI b
    [1] domainname51Testing软件测试网8R$l iT#q
    [2] /etc/init.d/rpc  (start/stop ypserv,ypbind)
q,k:j$Q| @h0X4~@3@i0    [3] ypinit -m;    ypinit -c
Q-D.I6V(h!S2LJ0    [4] yppush;
]4[)ENv)QxK@0    [5] ypcat51Testing软件测试网6T$PfQ;Ur,A2C2zU q G1^

/O:vT,CmnA2G0    NIS 配置示例
u5}^z9K$YF@0    ========================
M1J&c*arhrX4r0     # vi /etc/defaultdomain51Testing软件测试网yE5NI C#V
         YP.sun.com51Testing软件测试网F DF.s*MsA~*F

     # domainname YP.sun.com51Testing软件测试网1T/a{W$iu8k
     # cd /var/yp51Testing软件测试网~"q ksY?2q
     # cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf

8jGj#|l/o&J7Y0     # vi Makefile
&k,J9dXE/Qf0          #B=-b nis no dns51Testing软件测试网k(N/J v4R7dTd
           B=
2V
~~HUr#M9C7Al0           B=-b  nis also dns51Testing软件测试网0R:]3Q7G2Q:E]!mk*~
          #B=51Testing软件测试网:qK/RP hd6MN

5t8Q6S3m4H0     # vi resolv.conf
EQW.zab#B?'F0     # /usr/ccs/bin/make51Testing软件测试网9zE`%Qh
     # ypinit -m

h}]5xk$}MQ051Testing软件测试网L`]xc hw
     # /etc/init.d/rpc start51Testing软件测试网"_!fq$pJ_
     # yppush51Testing软件测试网C^`c$P}k ld
     # ypcat hosts
SATY#xm,_:S@0     # ypinit -c

+ou L,O+M1F.]6K0     client端配置
n}Eyc;o_$_7S6b0     ============
}A-_!g2|+K%N0     # vi /etc/defaultdomain
O-Np
vUF&TY0          YP.sun.com
+}:|1Tqwl+L0     # domainname YP.sun.com51Testing软件测试网)|(XBQ)kC uG,b
     # cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf
VRH8J/~"K0     # ypinit -c51Testing软件测试网b:z]qqr\@

:tFZ"d(ul]0NJ0     # /etc/init.d/rpc start
e x)L.f*c6bC0     # ypcat hosts51Testing软件测试网2om v/^u wG
 

oAAU8x6]+A*F3G015. NFS 文件系统(nfs file system )

    相应配置文件
,SiEfx P0    ============51Testing软件测试网5p.D9m2}F`:M
    [1] /etc/dfs/dfstab;(nfs server)
*C.@N,\?]0    例如:
QI Q.T5ytGM*R!D,E0       # vi /etc/dfs/dfstab
0_X.U"n
{j M,mLj0            share  -F nfs  -o rw=engineering -d "home dirs"  /export/home
kV^,lz$rg;rV0            share  -F nfs  -o ro -d "app dirs"  /export/app51Testing软件测试网B#g1p9HFl(t
            share  -F nfs  -o ro -d "man dirs"  /usr/share/man51Testing软件测试网Z5Z-Bf8SU-T l

51Testing软件测试网/d'E{9EHb%F
    [2] /etc/vfstab;(nfs client)

      # vi /etc/vfstab
7sQ ZF[#w'd0            i2:/export/home - /export/home nfs - yes soft,bg
Vl2H]u.QAS0            i2:/export/app - /export/app nfs - yes soft,bg51Testing软件测试网 ]$}|}-t%^;y"| pye
            i2:/usr/share/man - /usr/share/man nfs - yes soft,bg51Testing软件测试网!L.BB"lw eU
               rw|ro,bg|fg, soft|hard, intr|nointr,suid|nosuid, timeo=n51Testing软件测试网Yl l{4a(C*d
               default=11x.1sec, retry=n 1k.51Testing软件测试网e.{0v4];Z'}7v.I2A

+YW-b4dp `9y-eD0    相应系统进程51Testing软件测试网q'F4p{Zm^K9F
    ============
#Lk"D#{-iTI0    [1] mountd
?-Sp|eTme ~0    [2] nfsd51Testing软件测试网xi)L7S:e R }Y8|
    [3] statd51Testing软件测试网6?Ii2klf?
    [4] lockd 

    相关命令
'g ] e9Qlsu `g(nr0    ========
`@)o,r\ @U/u0    [1] share,51Testing软件测试网q z;D9y]{
    例如:51Testing软件测试网J{/iWf.y&v:e0k*i0M
       # share -F nfs /export/home51Testing软件测试网u1V@F3m.fn
       # share -F nfs -o ro /usr/share/man51Testing软件测试网TJi Bp@)R6]
    [2] unshare,
LB6[1YB)L3Z0    [3] shareall,
8GA2Q/f.H/s:X0    [4] unshareall;51Testing软件测试网?ecL3jM(}
    [5] mount51Testing软件测试网V!SX5Q-E!M
    例如:51Testing软件测试网2`K&fO$U
NUc3|
       # mount nfsserver:/export/home /export/home
#c-H!Wj
\5T0       # mount nfsserver:/export/app /export/app
$p1q^ [ErX0       # mount nfsserver:/usr/share/man /usr/share/man51Testing软件测试网^Z(g1w(}}%Il
    [6] umount,
/z$@`R(GY&^`0    [7] mountall,
"k:n X Q*kl1A9T0    [8] umountall,51Testing软件测试网'_uuH+C6dNL
    [9] dfshares host,
"P4\/AK*N Y2Z?0    [10] dfmounts51Testing软件测试网pUc$TW|m(W
    [11] /etc/init.d/nfs.server;   /etc/init.d/nfs.client51Testing软件测试网q]Vp&I&A
    例如:
/j$Jk+[Cs1V0       # /etc/init.d/nfs.server start51Testing软件测试网
Z?7F0{@4k_

51Testing软件测试网0\E X,x h*Ov
16. 并行打印机管理(Parallel Port Printer )51Testing软件测试网{i'Lyut

HZ*B icI%l0    并行打印机driver
RO x!G.iA0s0    ================51Testing软件测试网uOp^+q v2V,o m
        /dev/bpp0-> /devices/.../...:bpp0   (打印server: i2)  
0j0R}RJ&O0        /dev/ecpp0->/devices/.../...:ecpp0  (打印client: i1)

;u8{P3X iRF(D l#TiC0    图形管理工具51Testing软件测试网?M4\ P+QP.Y$e1E)S#w
    =============51Testing软件测试网(adlhBB/t
    # admintool &51Testing软件测试网
g_#N9^8N[{D!Ly

      Menu:Browse-->printers51Testing软件测试网X1Rc
l#^-r*s?
      Menu:Edit-->add-->Local Printer...51Testing软件测试网jWW7P _d3V
      Printer Name: bpp051Testing软件测试网 z? cO?D8p3u
      Print Server: i251Testing软件测试网7F!f-_3q@,qE8b
      Descrīption: bpp on i2
6J7\7i-?1t:JV/h0      Print Port: /dev/bpp051Testing软件测试网M+KW7^z$Ry,n1p
      Printer Type: Postscrīpt51Testing软件测试网 Np}*j G6{qwR
      File Content: Postscrīpt51Testing软件测试网6m'^)^2P
hx _ag4U
      Fault Notification: None51Testing软件测试网)rY`9wv*im
      Option: Accept Print Requests, Process Print Requests
v4Z:c6E3o.q0      User Access List: all
um%r3_9t#E&WK4k:B0      press OK51Testing软件测试网u(hwdu,r.T

r4QM!Z(O0    # admintool &

      Menu:Browse-->printers
u!x8@)?Eq hY0      Menu:Edit-->add-->Access to Printer...
G
?3M:F2r6q'B/R0      Print Client: i151Testing软件测试网Tf%HTyPD4@
      Printer Name: bpp0
f*{_F$`0      Print Server: i2
3BbC9a"R)gOL(e&Qm0      Descrīption: bpp0 on i251Testing软件测试网O9oX/zbD
      Option: Default Printer51Testing软件测试网!z.W'@.F$LP8i
      Press OK

   # xetops51Testing软件测试网4`f&cA RS*k
     convert chinese text file to Postscrīpt file
v|Si.Qf5`0 51Testing软件测试网I1hY-TR#i9H%Y{

17. 用户管理user account

/g:D zoRT5q0    图形管理工具51Testing软件测试网;`M9x.s/a3}X
    =============51Testing软件测试网VfMB0mB#wu
    # admintool &51Testing软件测试网 JkKX:g7[

    相关文件
IZ3SuFl*X0    ========
x#d b-Hg9d~!S/Y0    [1] /etc/passwd51Testing软件测试网m| X{)tG
    例如:51Testing软件测试网j&i ^J9V V0n_$C
      # vi /etc/passwd51Testing软件测试网-h]}'}$]#]
           max::1001:10:max li:/home/max:/bin/csh
$Bw5@(]fwXm~0           frank::1002:10:frank lau:/export/home/frank:/sbin/sh
F'C0zQ^L0    [2] /etc/shaddow
-A$Q2BE/ajt8M
r0    [3] /etc/group51Testing软件测试网9P&W z8[8bu
    [4] /export/home/user51Testing软件测试网hhd7{ }j
    [5] .cshrc
,W_j6t-[%r:l0        C shell
\npX5Ux'Vx a0        # vi .cshrc51Testing软件测试网cw
t\.jr
             umask 02251Testing软件测试网b+Bi*kI,g#J
             set path = ( /bin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin /usr/ucb \
4Tq9Bamt|4\0                         /usr/lib /etc/init.d \51Testing软件测试网`6W)y u,t5qYd In6j
                         /usr/lib/netsvc/yp /usr/lib/nis \
k7qO$PcZz@B
Kd0                         /usr/ccs/bin \
Z Q"pQ$JN'x.n9E0                          /usr/openwin/bin )
nw8T)o|$oC0             setenv TERM sun-cmd51Testing软件测试网f}aD.|K&hQ
             setenv EDITOR /usr/bin/vi
a(t6t0q7r{ y-B0        # source .cshrc51Testing软件测试网#d.yG*g%W)Cv4d
        # setenv PATH "/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/ucb/bin"
DPq+@Yq.aP0      
!|w ^T1w0a@H0    [6] .login
GRW[/a#f/]0    [7] .profile
0pa+C|M2x0        B shell
3n9`L*O1x)s8S0        # vi .profile51Testing软件测试网1_/T-v
`O:|H!LH0e-D
             umask 02251Testing软件测试网SD;PNk
x
             PATH=/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/lib:/etc/init.d:51Testing软件测试网ge2p#o0G
             PATH=$PATH:/usr/lib/netsvc/yp:/usr/lib/nis:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/openwin/bin
y3x u1g e&Z$dH0             TERM=vt10051Testing软件测试网P{w*j!V1|1OZ0f8a
             DISPLAY=i2:0.051Testing软件测试网}Y#S+CsWG
             export PATH TERM DISPLAY51Testing软件测试网 S Yh6oSC(L_
        #.  /.profile
,pH$le:j%ym0        #set51Testing软件测试网]8o%c"T
q
|
 51Testing软件测试网;U#T-B0n`X

LE$r/eQ Q0    [8] .Xdefaults
&C#Be:u6?-F6A)E0    [9] .dt

clVDa1z0   用户管理常用命令
*d-[OD4e$[0   =================51Testing软件测试网]2uRn(S
    [1] chmod
1Sh$Nuq.@a+V0    例如:
Bg;V3J.o0dl ]:y5G0       #chmod -R 755 /export/home/frank51Testing软件测试网;q)OD%\:W,aSs5D-x|

    [2] chown51Testing软件测试网*YG&?oQ/Rk(jV1F{
    例如:
Mj/BsYQ0       #chown -R frank:staff /export/home/frank

    [3] chgrp51Testing软件测试网3u3zk1e.x-Se
 51Testing软件测试网1~dP1um,c(Z5nsts
 

:cj.X\t8fh051Testing软件测试网D]+{qI
18. 常用UNIX命令集锦(Commonly used UNIX commands )51Testing软件测试网#y
G}
p+}|

    [1] cat
H_UB S
i MN1h0    [2] ls -al
,p&Dt)X fM0    [3] cd51Testing软件测试网V
Oz
ucMKkP
    [4] pwd
e6mMFu~CB'CF[0    [5] mv
g KQm)E:R!K'Q2\_ b0    [6] cp
(vS/oI6x~&O0    [7] rm  -r
%B6~vd.p `2SN0    [8] rmdir51Testing软件测试网,|)fVT*G1|8K
    [9] mkdir
b0j T-^4S+C| Z-_9^g{0    [10] find  (find /etc -name host )51Testing软件测试网[ ?a"kLr(lH
    [11] lp
e5Y$F3jZ(nL{3_0    [12] set; setenv; export;
-yqYtFW!hB1x0    [13] df -k51Testing软件测试网 }s j.v2rWa.[ R,d p
    [14] du -k (du .)
ve1A+?.Ug-d0    [15] grep  (ps -ef|grep root)51Testing软件测试网v#Q7E9b*XX:Z
    [16] ps -ef
W#TY7Sl
^0    [17] kill id (kill -9 pid)51Testing软件测试网,v)L"okMd2P j
    [18] du
&o0CI?,z&U ~s0    [19] ln51Testing软件测试网IS#R}Y,ms]#PW
    [20] man(  man -k keyword)51Testing软件测试网t"d ?]L^!E7M2L
    [21] catman51Testing软件测试网!H CWs%x(v|bG1k